Substituted pyrrolo[2,3b]pyrazines and methods for treatment of raf protein kinase-mediated indications

ABSTRACT

Compounds and salts thereof, formulations thereof, conjugates thereof, derivatives thereof, forms thereof and uses thereof are described, wherein the compounds have the formula: 
                         
In certain aspects and embodiments, the described compounds or salts thereof, formulations thereof, conjugates thereof, derivatives thereof, forms thereof are active on at least one Raf protein kinase. Also described are methods of use thereof to treat diseases and conditions associated with activity of Raf protein kinases, including melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pain or polycystic kidney diseases.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications 61/060,418, filed Jun. 10, 2008 and 61/163,817, filed Mar. 26, 2009, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed are novel compounds and uses thereof. In certain embodiments disclosed compounds are kinase inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, compounds are provided, as well as various salts thereof, formulations thereof, conjugates thereof, derivatives thereof, forms thereof and uses thereof. Also contemplated in accordance with the present invention are methods for the use of the compounds in treating diseases and conditions associated with regulation of the activity of one or more protein kinases in general, including, but not limited to, Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Brk, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Frk, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ret, ROCK1, ROCK2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and/or Zap70, including any mutations of these kinases. Thus, the use of compounds for therapeutic methods involving modulation of protein kinases are provided. In certain embodiments, the compounds are active on one or more Raf kinases, including A-Raf, B-Raf and/or c-Raf-1, including any mutations thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds are used for therapeutic methods involving modulation of one or more Raf protein kinases, including treatment of a variety of indications, including, but not limited to, melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pain and polycystic kidney disease. In some embodiments, compounds are of Formula I, Formula Ia, or Formula Ib as described below.

In a first aspect, compounds having the structure according to the following Formula I are provided:

or a salt, a prodrug, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof,

wherein:

Ar is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L₁ of Formula I and

indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L₂; of Formula I;

-   -   L₁ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R⁵R⁶), —C(O)—,         —C(S)—, —N(R⁷)—, —(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—;     -   L₂ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R⁸)—C(O)—,         —N(R⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R⁸)—S(O)₂—, —N(R⁸)—C(O)—N(R⁸)—,         —N(R⁸)—C(S)—N(R⁸)—, and —N(R⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R⁸)—;     -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally         substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,         optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally         substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro,         optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,         —CN, —NO₂, —O—R⁹, —S—R¹¹, —N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(O)—R¹¹, —C(S)—R¹¹,         —C(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(S)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(O)—N(R¹³)—OR⁹,         —C(S)—N(R¹³)—OR⁹, —C(O)—N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹,         —C(S)—N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹, —C(O)—O—R⁹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —S(O)₂—R¹¹,         —S(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —S(O)₂—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —S(O)₂—N(R¹³)—C(O)—R¹¹,         —S(O)₂—N(R¹¹)—C(S)R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(O)—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(S)—R¹¹,         —N(R¹³)—S(O)—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹¹,         —N(R¹³)—C(S)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, and —N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰;     -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro,         optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,         —CN, —NO₂, —O—R¹⁷, —S—R¹⁹, —N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(O)—R¹⁹, —C(S)—R¹⁹,         —C(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(S)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(O)—N(R²⁰)—OR¹⁷,         —C(S)—N(R²⁰)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)—N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹,         —C(S)—N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —C(O)—O—R¹⁷, —S(O)—R¹⁹, —S(O)₂—R¹⁹,         —S(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R²⁰)—C(O)R¹⁹,         —S(O)₂—N(R²⁰)—C(S)R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(O)—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(S)—R¹⁹,         —N(R²⁰)—S(O)—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸,         —N(R²⁰)—C(S)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, and —N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸;     -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,         optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower         alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,         —CN, —NO₂, —O—R²¹, —S—R²³, —N(R²¹)—R²², —C(O)—R²³, —C(S)—R²³,         —C(O)—N(R²¹)—R²², —C(S)—N(R²¹)—R²², —C(O)—N(R²⁴)—OR²¹,         —C(S)—N(R²⁴)—OR²¹, —C(O)—N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³,         —C(S)—N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³, —C(O)—O—R²¹, —S(O)—R²³, —S(O)₂—R²³,         —S(O)—N(R²¹)—R²², —S(O)₂—N(R²¹)—R²², —S(O)₂—N(R²⁴)—C(O)—R²³,         —S(O)₂—N(R²⁴)—C(S)R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(O)—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(S)—R²³,         —N(R²⁴)—S(O)—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(O)—N(R²¹)—R²²,         —N(R²⁴)—C(S)—N(R²¹)—R²², and —N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—N(R²¹)—R²²;     -   R³ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower         alklylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —N(R²⁵)—R²⁶,         wherein the alkyl chain(s) of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, or di-alkylamino are optionally         substituted with one or more substituents selected from the         group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro         substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted         lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino; or     -   R⁵ and R⁶ combine to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl         or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3-7         membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic         heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more         substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH,         —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy,         fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁷, R¹³, R²⁰, and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally         substituted heteroaryl, —C(O)—R²⁷, —C(S)—R²⁷, —S(O)—R²⁷,         —S(O)₂—R²⁷, —C(O)—N(H)—R²⁷, —C(S)—N(H)—R²⁷, and —S(O)₂—N(H)—R²⁷;     -   R⁸ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or         lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy,         fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted         mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted         di-alkylamino, and —N(R²⁵)—R²⁶;     -   R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted lower         alkyl, —N(R²⁸)—R²⁹, —O—R²⁸, and —S—R³⁰;     -   R¹¹, R¹⁹ and R²³ are independently selected from the group         consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally         substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally         substituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R²¹ and R²² are independently selected from         the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower         alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally         substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,         optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted         aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R²⁵ and R²⁶ at each occurrence combine with the nitrogen to         which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted         lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, and fluoro substituted lower         alkylthio;     -   R²⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group         consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally         substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,         optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted         heteroaryl;     -   R²⁸ and R²⁹ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen or         optionally substituted lower alkyl; and     -   R³⁰ at each occurrence is optionally substituted lower alkyl.

In a second aspect, compounds of Formula I having the structure according to the following Formula Ia are provided:

or a salt, a prodrug, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof,

wherein:

Ar₁ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of Ar₁ to L₃ of Formula Ia and

indicates the point of attachment of Ar₁ to L₄ of Formula Ia;

-   -   L₃ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R³⁵R³⁶)—, —C(O)—,         —C(S)—, —N(R³⁷)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—;     -   L₄ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—,         —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—,         —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—N(R³⁸)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—N(R³⁸)—, and         —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R³⁸)—;     -   R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally         substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,         optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally         substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl,     -   R³² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂,         —O—R³⁹, —S—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R³⁹,         —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R³⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —C(O)—O—R³⁹, —C(O)—R³⁹,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—R³⁹,         fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R³² or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴¹, —S—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹,         —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴¹,         —C(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—R⁴¹, —C(O)—O—R⁴¹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, halogen, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;

R³³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴³, —S—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴³, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —C(O)—O—R⁴³, —C(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—R⁴³, fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³³ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁸, —S—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;

-   -   R³⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂,         —O—R⁴⁹, —S—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁴⁹,         —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—R⁴⁹,         —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁹,         halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R³⁴ or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵¹, —S—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹,         —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁵¹,         —C(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—O—R⁵¹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹,         —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, halogen, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower         alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; or     -   R³⁵ and R³⁶ combine to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl         or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3-7         membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic         heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more         substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH,         —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy,         fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino;     -   R³⁹, R⁴³, and R⁴⁹ are independently selected from the group         consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl         and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted         with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting         of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R³⁹, R⁴³, or R⁴⁹ or as substituents of lower alkyl         are optionally substituted with one or more substituents         selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂,         —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵², —S—R⁵²,         —N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—C(O)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—S(O)—R⁵²,         —N(R⁵³)—S(O)₂—R⁵², —C(O)—R⁵², —S(O)—R⁵², —S(O)₂—R⁵²,         —C(O)—O—R⁵², —C(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —S(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵²,         —S(O)₂—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted         lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁴⁰, R⁴⁷, R⁵⁰, and R⁵³, at each occurrence, are         independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted         with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting         of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower         alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio,         mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino; and     -   R⁴¹, R⁴⁸, R⁵¹, and R⁵² are independently selected from the group         consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl,         wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more         substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower         alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro         substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted         lower alkoxy;     -   R⁴², R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, and R⁴⁶ are independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted lower         alkyl, —N(R⁵⁴)—R⁵⁵, —O—R⁵⁴, and —S—R⁵⁶;     -   R⁵⁴ and R⁵⁵ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen or         optionally substituted lower alkyl; and     -   R⁵⁶ at each occurrence is optionally substituted lower alkyl.

In a third aspect, compounds of Formula I having the structure according to the following Formula Ib are provided:

or a salt, a prodrug, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof,

wherein:

-   -   L₅ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R³⁵R³⁶)—, —C(O)—,         —C(S)—, —N(R³⁷)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—;     -   L₆ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—,         —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—,         —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—N(R³⁸)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—N(R³⁸)—, and         —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R³⁸)—;     -   R⁵⁷ is selected from the group consisting of optionally         substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,         optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted         cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally         substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl;     -   R⁵⁸ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂,         —O—R³⁹, —S—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R³⁹,         —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R³⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —C(O)—O—R³⁹, —C(O)—R³⁹,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—R³⁹,         fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R⁵⁸ or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴¹, —S—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹,         —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴¹,         —C(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—R⁴¹, —C(O)—O—R⁴¹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, halogen, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁵⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂,         —O—R⁴³, —S—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴³,         —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴³, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —C(O)—O—R⁴³, —C(O)—R⁴³,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—R⁴³,         fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R⁵⁹ or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁸, —S—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸,         —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁸,         —C(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸,         —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, halogen, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁶⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH,         —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂,         —O—R⁴⁹, —S—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁴⁹,         —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—R⁴⁹,         —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁹,         halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R⁶⁰ or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵¹, —S—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹,         —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁵¹,         —C(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—O—R⁵¹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹,         —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, halogen, lower alkyl,         fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁶¹ and R⁶² are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and fluoro substituted C₁₋₃         alkyl; and     -   R³⁵, R³⁶, R³⁷, R³⁸, R³⁹, R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴³, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸, R⁴⁹, R⁵⁰, and         R⁵¹ are as defined for Formula Ia.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Formula Ia or Formula Ib, R¹, R³¹ and R⁵⁷, respectively, are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴, wherein

-   -   R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group         consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂,         —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵,         —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵,         —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵,         —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl         and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more         substituents R⁶⁴;     -   R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group         consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂,         —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵,         —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵,         —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵,         —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower         alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents         selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy,         fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as         substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one         or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH,         —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁷,         —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷,         —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷,         —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted         lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁶⁵ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group         consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl         and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted         with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting         of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl as R⁶⁵ or as substituents of lower alkyl are         optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected         from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH,         —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁹, —S—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹,         —N(R⁶⁸)—C(O)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)—R⁶⁹,         —S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹,         halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and         cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁶⁶ and R⁶⁸ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen, lower         alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents         selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower         alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted         mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted         di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and     -   R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁹ at each occurrence are independently selected from         the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and         heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl         and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more         substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN,         lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and         fluoro substituted lower alkoxy.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Formula Ia or Formula Ib, R¹, R³¹ and R⁵⁷, respectively, are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; wherein R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; and wherein R⁶⁵, R⁶⁶, and R⁶⁷ are as defined with respect to Formula Ib.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Formula Ia, and Formula Ib, further to any of the above embodiments of compounds of Formula I, Formula Ia, and Formula Ib:

-   -   R², R³², and R⁵⁸, respectively, are selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰,         fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally         substituted with one or more substituents selected from the         group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted         lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower         alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R³, R³³, and R⁵⁹, respectively, are selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰,         fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally         substituted with one or more substituents selected from the         group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted         lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower         alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino;     -   R⁴, R³⁴, and R⁶⁰, respectively, are hydrogen;     -   R⁷⁰ is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more         substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower         alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro         substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and         cycloalkylamino; and     -   R⁷¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl optionally substituted with one         or more substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower         alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,         di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.

In one embodiment of compounds of Formula I, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

-   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     [2,4-difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide     (P-0001), -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide     (P-0002), -   N-[2,4-Difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide     (P-0003), -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide     (P-0004). -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     {3-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-2,4-difluoro-phenyl}-amide     (P-0005), -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     [3-(2-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide     (P-0006), -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide     (P-0007), -   Propane-1-sulfonic acid     [2-fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide     (P-0008), -   N-[2-Fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide     (P-0009), and     any salt, prodrug, tautomer, or isomer thereof.

In reference to compounds herein, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, specification of a compound or group of compounds includes salts of such compound(s) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts), formulations of such compound(s) (including pharmaceutically acceptable formulations), conjugates thereof, derivatives thereof, forms thereof, prodrugs thereof, and all stereoisomers thereof. In reference to compositions, kits, methods of use, etc. of compounds of Formula I described herein, it is understood (unless indicated otherwise) that a compound of Formula I includes all sub-embodiments thereof (e.g. including Formulae Ia-Ib, and all embodiments as described above).

In a fourth aspect, methods are provided for treating a protein kinase mediated disease or condition in an animal subject in need thereof, wherein the method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I. The terms “treat,” “therapy,” and like terms refer to the administration of material, e.g., any one or more compound(s) of Formula I in an amount effective to prevent, alleviate, or ameliorate one or more symptoms of a disease or condition, i.e., indication, and/or to prolong the survival of the subject being treated. The term “protein kinase mediated disease or condition” refers to a disease or condition in which the biological function of a protein kinase affects the development, course, and/or symptoms of the disease or condition, and/or in which modulation of the protein kinase alters the development, course, and/or symptoms of the disease or condition. A protein kinase mediated disease or condition includes a disease or condition for which modulation provides a therapeutic benefit, e.g. wherein treatment with protein kinase inhibitors, including compounds described herein, provides a therapeutic benefit to the subject suffering from or at risk of the disease or condition. In certain embodiments, the method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with one or more other therapies for the disease or condition.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a Raf protein kinase mediated disease or condition in an animal subject in need thereof, wherein the method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I. The terms “Raf protein kinase mediated disease or condition,” “Raf kinase mediated disease or condition,” “Raf mediated disease or condition,” and the like refer to a disease or condition in which the biological function of a Raf protein kinase, including any mutations thereof, affects the development, course, and/or symptoms of the disease or condition, and/or in which modulation of the Raf protein kinase alters the development, course, and/or symptoms of the disease or condition. The Raf protein kinase includes, but is not limited to, A-Raf, A-Raf mutations, B-Raf, mutations of B-Raf, c-Raf-1 and mutations of c-Raf-1. In some embodiments, the Raf protein kinase is B-Raf mutation V600E. In some embodiments, the Raf protein kinase is B-Raf mutation V600E/T529I. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cancer that is amenable to treatment by an inhibitor of the V600E mutant B-Raf. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cancer that is amenable to treatment by an inhibitor of the V600E/T529I mutant B-Raf. The Raf protein kinase mediated disease or condition includes a disease or condition for which Raf inhibition provides a therapeutic benefit, e.g. wherein treatment with Raf inhibitors, including compounds described herein, provides a therapeutic benefit to the subject suffering from or at risk of the disease or condition. In one embodiment, the method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with one or more other therapies for the disease or condition. Similarly, the terms “A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf-1 protein kinase mediated disease or condition,” “A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf-1 kinase mediated disease or condition.” “A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf-1 mediated disease or condition.” and the like refer to a disease or condition in which the biological function of an A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf-1 kinase, respectively, including any mutations thereof, affects the development, course and/or symptoms of the disease or condition, and/or in which modulation of the A-Raf, B-Raf or c-Raf-1 protein kinase, respectively, alters the development, course, and/or symptoms of the disease or condition.

In a sixth aspect, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM as determined in a generally accepted kinase activity assay. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to at least one kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Brk, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Frk, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ret, ROCK1, ROCK2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof.

In a seventh aspect, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to at least one kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, Fms, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA. TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof.

In an eighth aspect, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to at least one kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, c-Raf-1, EGFR, EphB2, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Irak4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, mTOR, p38, PDGFRB, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, PKC theta, Pyk2, Ret, Src, Stk6, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof.

In a ninth aspect, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to at least one kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, c-Raf-1, EGFR, EphB2, Erk2, Fak, Fms, Irak4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, mTOR, p38, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, PKC theta, Pyk2, Src, Stk6, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof.

In a tenth aspect, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to at least one kinase selected from the group consisting of A-Raf, B-Raf, B-Raf V600E mutant, B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant, c-Raf-1, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Lck, Lyn, Met, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, Pyk2, Kdr, Src and Ret, including any mutations thereof.

In an eleventh aspect, a compound of Formula I is an inhibitor of a Raf kinase and has an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM as determined in a generally accepted Raf kinase activity assay. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I will have an IC₅₀ of less than 500 nm, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, or less than 1 nM with respect to B-Raf c-Raf-1, B-Raf V600E mutant, or B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I will selectively inhibit one Raf kinase relative to one or more other Raf kinases. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I will selectively inhibit a mutation of the Raf kinase relative to the wild type kinase, for example B-Raf V600E mutant relative to wild type B-Raf.

Further to any of the above mentioned aspects and embodiments, a compound of Formula I will also inhibit the effects of a mutation of the kinase, including, but not limited to, a mutation that is related to a disease state, such as a cancer. For example, B-Raf V600E mutant is present in a high percentage of some cancers, such as melanoma, and compounds will inhibit the kinase activity of this mutant.

Further to any of the above mentioned aspects and embodiments, a compound of Formula I may selectively inhibit one kinase relative to one or more other kinases, where preferably inhibition is selective with respect to any of the other kinases, whether a kinase discussed herein, or other kinases. In some embodiments, the compound may selectively inhibit the effects of a mutation of the kinase relative to the wild type kinase, for example B-Raf V600E mutant relative to wild type B-Raf. Selective inhibition of one kinase relative to another is such that the IC₅₀ for the one kinase may be at least about 2-fold, also 5-fold, also 10-fold, also 20-fold, also 50-fold, or at least about 100-fold less than the IC₅₀ for any of the other kinases as determined in a generally accepted kinase activity assay.

In a twelfth aspect, compositions are provided that include a therapeutically effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or diluent, including combinations of any two or more compounds of Formula I. The composition can further include a plurality of different pharmacologically active compounds, which can include a plurality of compounds of Formula I. In certain embodiments, the composition can include any one or more compound(s) of Formula I along with one or more compounds that are therapeutically effective for the same disease indication. In one embodiment, the composition includes any one or more compound(s) of Formula I along with one or more compounds that are therapeutically effective for the same disease indication, wherein the compounds have a synergistic effect on the disease indication. In one embodiment, the composition includes any one or more compound(s) of Formula I effective in treating a cancer and one or more other compounds that are effective in treating the same cancer, further wherein the compounds are synergistically effective in treating the cancer.

In a thirteenth aspect, methods are provided for modulating the activity of a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Brk, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Frk, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ret, ROCK1, ROCK2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof, by contacting the protein kinase with an effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a fourteenth aspect, methods are provided for treating a protein kinase mediated disease or condition in an animal subject in need thereof, wherein the method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a fifteenth aspect, methods are provided for treating a disease or condition mediated by a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ret, ROCK1, ROCK2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a sixteenth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, Fms, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, Itk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC, Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a seventeenth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, c-Raf-1, EGFR, EphB2, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Irak4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, mTOR, p38, PDGFRB, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, PKC theta, Pyk2, Ret, Src, Stk6, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In an eighteenth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of Abl, A-Raf, B-Raf, Btk, c-Raf-1, EGFR, EphB2, Erk2, Fak, Fms, Irak4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, mTOR, p38, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, PKC theta, Pyk2, Src, Stk6, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, including any mutations thereof, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a nineteenth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by a protein kinase selected from the group consisting of A-Raf, B-Raf, B-Raf V600E mutant, B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant, c-Raf-1, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Lck, Lyn, Met, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, Pyk2, Kdr, Src and Ret, including any mutations thereof, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I.

In a twentieth aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by A-Raf, B-Raf, c-Raf-1, B-Raf V600E mutant, or B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I. In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by A-Raf, B-Raf, c-Raf-1, B-Raf V600E mutant, or B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I in combination with one or more other suitable therapies for treating the disease. In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating a cancer mediated by B-Raf V600E mutant or B-Raf V600E/T529I mutant by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I in combination with one or more suitable anticancer therapies, such as one or more chemotherapeutic drugs.

In a twenty-first aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I, in combination with one or more other therapies or medical procedures effective in treating the cancer. Other therapies or medical procedures include suitable anticancer therapy (e.g. drug therapy, vaccine therapy, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy) or medical procedure (e.g. surgery, radiation treatment, hyperthermia heating, bone marrow or stem cell transplant). In one embodiment, the one or more suitable anticancer therapies or medical procedures is selected from treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent (e.g. chemotherapeutic drug), radiation treatment (e.g. x-ray, γ-ray, or electron, proton, neutron, or α particle beam), hyperthermia heating (e.g. microwave, ultrasound, radiofrequency ablation), Vaccine therapy (e.g. AFP gene hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine, AFP adenoviral vector vaccine, AG-858, allogeneic GM-CSF-secretion breast cancer vaccine, dendritic cell peptide vaccines), gene therapy (e.g. Ad5CMV-p53 vector, adenovector encoding MDA7, adenovirus 5-tumor necrosis factor alpha), photodynamic therapy (e.g. aminolevulinic acid, motexafin lutetium), surgery, or bone marrow and stem cell transplantation.

In a twenty-second aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound) s) of Formula I, in combination with one or more suitable chemotherapeutic agents. In one embodiment, the one or more suitable chemotherapeutic agents is selected from an alkylating agent, including, but not limited to, adozelesin, altretamine, bendamustine, bizelesin, busulfan, carboplatin, carboquone, carmofur, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, estramustine, etoglucid, fotemustine, hepsulfam, ifosfamide, improsulfan, irofulven, lomustine, mannosulfan, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mitobronitol, nedaplatin, nimustine, oxaliplatin, piposulfan, prednimustine, procarbazine, ranimustine, satraplatin, semustine, streptozocin, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, triplatin tetranitrate, trofosphamide, and uramustine; an antibiotic, including, but not limited to, aclarubicin, amrubicin, bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, elsamitrucin, epirubicin, idarubicin, menogaril, mitomycin, neocarzinostatin, pentostatin, pirarubicin, plicamycin, valrubicin, and zorubicin; an antimetabolite, including, but not limited to, aminopterin, azacitidine, azathioprine, capecitabine, cladribine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, nelarabine, pemetrexed, pyrimethamine, azathioprine, raltitrexed, tegafur-uracil, thioguanine, trimethoprim, trimetrexate, and vidarabine; an immunotherapy, including, but not limited to, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, galiximab, gemtuzumab, panitumumab, pertuzumab, rituximab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan, ipilimumab, and tremelimumab; a hormone or hormone antagonist, including, but not limited to, anastrozole, androgens, buserelin, diethylstilbestrol, exemestane, flutamide, fulvestrant, goserelin, idoxifene, letrozole, leuprolide, magestrol, raloxifene, tamoxifen, and toremifene; a taxane, including, but not limited to, DJ-927, docetaxel, TPI 287, larotaxel, ortataxel, paclitaxel, DHA-paclitaxel, and tesetaxel; a retinoid, including, but not limited to, alitretinoin, bexarotene, fenretinide, isotretinoin, and tretinoin; an alkaloid, including, but not limited to demecolcine, homoharringtonine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinflunine, and vinorelbine; an antiangiogenic agent, including, but not limited to, AE-941 (GW786034, Neovastat), ABT-510, 2-methoxyestradiol, lenalidomide, and thalidomide; a topoisomerase inhibitor, including, but not limited to, amsacrine, belotecan, edotecarin, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, exatecan, irinotecan (also active metabolite SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin)), lucanthone, mitoxantrone, pixantrone, rubitecan, topotecan, teniposide, and 9-aminocamptothecin; a kinase inhibitor, including, but not limited to, axitinib (AG 013736), dasatinib (BMS 354825), erlotinib, gefitinib, flavopiridol, imatinib mesylate, lapatinib, motesanib diphosphate (AMG 706), nilotinib (AMN 107), seliciclib, sorafenib, sunitinib malate, AEE-788, BMS-599626, UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine), and vatalanib; a targeted signal transduction inhibitor including, but not limited to bortezomib, geldanamycin, and rapamycin; a biological response modifier, including, but not limited to, imiquimod, interferon-α, and interleukin-2; and other chemotherapeutics, including, but not limited to 3-AP (3-amino-2-carboxyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone), altrasentan, aminoglutethimide, anagrelide, asparaginase, bryostatin-1, cilengitide, elesclomol, eribulin mesylate (E7389), ixabepilone, lonidamine, masoprocol, mitoguanazone, oblimersen, sulindac, testolaetone, and tiazofurin; mTOR inhibitors (e.g. temsirolimus, everolimus, deforolimus), PI3K inhibitors (e.g. BEZ235, GDC-0941, XL147, XL765). Cdk4 inhibitors (e.g. PD-332991), Akt inhibitors. Hsp90 inhibitors (e.g. tanespimycin) and farnesyltransferase inhibitors (e.g. tipifarnib). Preferably, the method of treating a cancer involves administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition including any one or more compound(s) of Formula I in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent selected from capecitabine, 5-fluorouracil, carboplatin, dacarbazine, gefitinib, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, SN-38, temozolomide, vinblastine, bevacizumab, cetuximab, interferon-α, interleukin-2, or erlotinib.

In a twenty-third aspect, the invention provides a method of treating or prophylaxis of a disease or condition in a mammal in need thereof, by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I, a prodrug of such compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such compound or prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of such compound or prodrug. The compound can be alone or can be part of a composition. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating or prophylaxis of a disease or condition in a mammal, by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any one or more compound(s) of Formula I, a prodrug of such compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such compound or prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of such compound or prodrug in combination with one or more other suitable therapies for the disease or condition.

In a twenty-fourth aspect, the invention provides kits that include a compound or composition thereof as described herein. In some embodiments, the compound or composition is packaged, e.g., in a vial, bottle, flask, which may be further packaged, e.g., within a box, envelope, or bag; the compound or composition is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or similar regulatory agency for administration to a mammal, e.g., a human; the compound or composition is approved for administration to a mammal, e.g., a human, for a protein kinase mediated disease or condition; the invention kit includes written instructions for use and/or other indication that the compound or composition is suitable or approved for administration to a mammal, e.g. a human, for a protein kinase-mediated disease or condition; and the compound or composition is packaged in unit dose or single dose form, e.g., single dose pills, capsules, or the like.

In aspects and embodiments involving treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or condition with the compounds of Formula I, the invention provides methods for treating an A-Raf-mediated, B-Raf-mediated and/or c-Raf-1-mediated disease or condition in an animal subject in need thereof (e.g. a mammal such as a human, other primates, sports animals, animals of commercial interest such as cattle, farm animals such as horses, or pets such as dogs and cats), e.g., a disease or condition characterized by abnormal A-Raf, B-Raf, and/or c-Raf-1 activity (e.g. kinase activity). In some embodiments, invention methods may involve administering to the subject suffering from or at risk of an A-Raf-mediated, B-Raf-mediated and/or c-Raf-1-mediated disease or condition an effective amount of compound of Formula I. In one embodiment, the A-Raf-mediated, B-Raf-mediated, and/or c-Raf-1-mediated disease is selected from the group consisting of neurologic diseases, including, but not limited to, multi-infarct dementia, head injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, seizures and epilepsy; neoplastic diseases including, but not limited to, melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, carcinoma (e.g. gastrointestinal, liver, bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma), colorectal, lung, breast, pancreatic, thyroid, renal, ovarian, prostate), lymphoma (e.g. histiocytic lymphoma) neurofibromatosis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis, neuroendocrine tumors such as medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and pheochromocytoma; pain of neuropathic or inflammatory origin, including, but not limited to, acute pain, chronic pain, cancer-related pain, and migraine; cardiovascular diseases including, but not limited to, heart failure, ischemic stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombosis (e.g. thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes), atherosclerosis, and reperfusion injury; inflammation and/or proliferation including, but not limited to, psoriasis, eczema, arthritis and autoimmune diseases and conditions, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, scarring, vascular restenosis, fibrotic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); immunodeficiency diseases, including, but not limited to, organ transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma associated with HIV; renal, cystic, or prostatic diseases, including, but not limited to, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, prostate hyperplasia, polycystic liver disease, tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease, medullary cystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and cystic fibrosis; metabolic disorders, including, but not limited to, obesity; infection, including, but not limited to Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis and Influenza viruses, fever, HIV, and sepsis; pulmonary diseases including, but not limited to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); genetic developmental diseases, including, but not limited to, Noonan's syndrome, Costello syndrome, (faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome), LEOPARD syndrome, cardio-faciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and neural crest syndrome abnormalities causing cardiovascular, skeletal, intestinal, skin, hair and endocrine diseases; and diseases associated with muscle regeneration or degeneration, including, but not limited to, sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies (including, but not limited to, Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, Limb-Girdle, Facioscapulohumeral, Myotonic, Oculopharyngeal, Distal and Congenital Muscular Dystrophies), motor neuron diseases (including, but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, intermediate spinal muscular atrophy, juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, and adult spinal muscular atrophy), inflammatory myopathies (including, but not limited to, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis), diseases of the neuromuscular junction (including, but not limited to, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, and congenital myasthenic syndrome), myopathies due to endocrine abnormalities (including, but not limited to, hyperthyroid myopathy and hypothyroid myopathy) diseases of peripheral nerve (including, but not limited to, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease, and Friedreich's ataxia), other myopathies (including, but not limited to, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, central core disease, nemaline myopathy, myotubular myopathy, and periodic paralysis), and metabolic diseases of muscle (including, but not limited to, phosphorylase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, debrancher enzyme deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmatyl transferase deficiency, phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, and myoadenylate deaminase deficiency). In one embodiment, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, histiocytic lymphoma, neurofibromatosis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, pheochromocytoma, pain, and polycystic kidney disease. In a preferred embodiment, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pain, and polycystic kidney disease.

In a twenty-fifth aspect, compounds of Formula I can be used in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an A-Raf-mediated, B-Raf-mediated or c-Raf-1-mediated disease or condition selected from the group consisting of neurologic diseases, including, but not limited to, multi-infarct dementia, head injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, seizures and epilepsy; neoplastic diseases including, but not limited to, melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, carcinoma (e.g. gastrointestinal, liver, bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma), colorectal, lung, breast, pancreatic, thyroid, renal, ovarian, prostate), lymphoma (e.g. histiocytic lymphoma) neurofibromatosis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis, neuroendocrine tumors such as medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer. Kaposi's sarcoma, and pheochromocytoma; pain of neuropathic or inflammatory origin, including, but not limited to, acute pain, chronic pain, cancer-related pain, and migraine; cardiovascular diseases, including, but not limited to, heart failure, ischemic stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombosis (e.g. thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes), atherosclerosis, and reperfusion injury; inflammation and/or proliferation including, but not limited to, psoriasis, eczema, arthritis and autoimmune diseases and conditions, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, scarring, vascular restenosis, fibrotic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); immunodeficiency diseases, including, but not limited to, organ transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma associated with HIV; renal, cystic, or prostatic diseases, including, but not limited to, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, prostate hyperplasia, polycystic liver disease, tuberous sclerosis. Von Hippel Lindau disease, medullary cystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and cystic fibrosis; metabolic disorders, including, but not limited to, obesity; infection, including, but not limited to, Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis and Influenza viruses, fever, HIV, and sepsis; pulmonary diseases, including, but not limited to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); genetic developmental diseases, including, but not limited to, Noonan's syndrome, Costello syndrome, (faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome), LEOPARD syndrome, cardio-faciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and neural crest syndrome abnormalities causing cardiovascular, skeletal, intestinal, skin, hair and endocrine diseases; and diseases associated with muscle regeneration or degeneration, including, but not limited to, sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies (including, but not limited to, Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss. Limb-Girdle, Facioscapulohumeral, Myotonic, Oculopharyngeal, Distal and Congenital Muscular Dystrophies), motor neuron diseases (including, but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, intermediate spinal muscular atrophy, juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, and adult spinal muscular atrophy), inflammatory myopathies (including, but not limited to, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis), diseases of the neuromuscular junction (including, but not limited to, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, and congenital myasthenic syndrome), myopathies due to endocrine abnormalities (including, but not limited to, hyperthyroid myopathy and hypothyroid myopathy) diseases of peripheral nerve (including, but not limited to, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease, and Friedreich's ataxia), other myopathies (including, but not limited to, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, central core disease, nemaline myopathy, myotubular myopathy, and periodic paralysis), and metabolic diseases of muscle (including, but not limited to, phosphorylase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, debrancher enzyme deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmatyl transferase deficiency, phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, and myoadenylate deaminase deficiency). In one embodiment, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, histiocytic lymphoma, neurofibromatosis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, pheochromocytoma, pain, and polycystic kidney disease. In a preferred embodiment, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pain, and polycystic kidney disease.

The compounds of Formula I with kinase activity IC₅₀ less than 10 μM as determined in a standard assay described herein can be used to treat protein kinase mediated diseases and conditions related to the following protein kinases, including any mutations thereof, for example without limitation:

-   -   Abl, related to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute         lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia         (AML);     -   Akt1, related to gastric, prostate, colorectal, ovarian,         pancreatic and breast cancer, glioblastoma and leukemia, as well         as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, and also use in         combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs;     -   Akt2, related to hyperglycemia due to peripheral insulin         resistance and nonsuppressible hepatic glucose production         accompanied by inadequate compensatory hyperinsulinemia, also         related to pancreatic, ovarian and breast cancer;     -   Akt3, related to melanoma, prostate and breast cancer;     -   ALK, related to non-Hodgkin lymphomas such as diffuse large         B-cell lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma;     -   Alk5, related to pancreatic and biliary cancers, and cutaneous         T-cell lymphoma;     -   A-Raf, B-Raf or C-Raf related to any and all diseases and         conditions as described herein;     -   Brk, related to breast and colon cancer, and head and neck         squamous cell carcinoma;     -   Btk, related to X-linked agammaglobulinemia, acute lymphocytic         leukemia, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis,         systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Graves'         disease, immune suppression in organ transplant, and drug         sensitivity of B-lineage cells;     -   Cdk2, related to prostate, breast, colorectal and ovarian         cancer;     -   Cdk4, related to glioblastoma (e.g. glioblastoma multiforme),         anaplastic astrocytoma, and breast cancer;     -   Cdk5, related to Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral         sclerosis and Lewy body disease;     -   Cdk6, related to glioblastoma multiforme, non-Hodgkin's         lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma. T-cell lymphoblastic         lymphoma (T-LBL) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia         (T-ALL);     -   CHK1, related to DNA damage repair, sensitizes cells to         chemotherapeutic agents;     -   Csk, related to colon and pancreatic carcinomas and autoimmune         pathology such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and         systemic lupus erythematosus;     -   EGFR, related to breast, colorectal, bladder, prostate and non         small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and         neck cancer, oral cavity, and esophagus, and glioblastoma         multiforme;     -   EphA1, related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,         hepatoma and lung cancer;     -   EphA2, related to aberrant short-range contact-mediated axonal         guidance, bladder, breast, prostate, colon, skin, cervical,         ovarian, pancreatic and lung cancers, and metastatic melanoma;     -   EphB2, related to angiogenesis disorder (e.g. ocular         angiogenesis disease such as retinopathy), and cancer (e.g.         glioblastoma, breast and liver cancer);     -   EphB4, related to colorectal cancer (CRC), head and neck         squamous cell carcinoma, and tumours of the prostate, breast,         endometrium, and bladder;     -   Erk2, related to aberrant proliferation, differentiation,         transcription regulation and development, and may be useful in         treating inflammation, for example inflammation associated with         Lyme neuroborreliosis, and in treating cancers, such as gastric         cancer;     -   Fak, related to colon and breast tumors, and is also related to         esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, anaplastic         astrocytoma, glioblastoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, prostate         and hepatocellular carcinoma, and tumor metastases, and may also         provide synergistic effects when used with other         chemotherapeutic drugs;     -   FGFR1, related to 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome;     -   FGFR2, related to Crouzon Syndrome, Jackson-Weiss Syndrome,         Apert Syndrome, craniosynostosis, Pfeiffer Syndrome, acrocephalo         syndactyly type V, and Beare-Stevenson Cutis Gyrata Syndrome;     -   FGFR3, related to angiogenesis, wound healing, achondroplasia,         Muenke craniosynostosis, Crouzon syndrome, acanthosis nigricans,         thanatophoric dysplasia, bladder carcinomas, and multiple         myeloma;     -   FGFR4, related to cancer of the breast, lung, colon, medullary         thyroid, pancreas, ovary, prostate, endometrium, and fallopian         tube, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and leiomyosarcoma;     -   Flt1, related to non-small cell lung carcinoma, prostate         carcinoma, and colorectal cancer;     -   Flt3, related to acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic         syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia;     -   Flt4, related to primary lymphoedema;     -   Fms, related to immune disorders, including rheumatoid         arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), and transplant         rejection, inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel         syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic         obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and         atherosclerosis, metabolic disorders, including Type I diabetes,         Type II diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and         lipolysis, disorders of bone structure, mineralization and bone         formation and resorption, including osteoporosis, increased risk         of fracture, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, and metastasis of         cancer to bone, kidney diseases, including nephritis (e.g.         glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, Lupus nephritis),         tubular necrosis, diabetes-associated renal complications (e.g.         diabetic nephropathy), and hypertrophy, disorders of the central         nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, stroke,         Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; inflammatory and         chronic pain, including bone pain; and cancers, including         multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid         leukemia (CML), prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer,         and metastasis of tumors to other tissues;     -   Frk, related to acute myeloid leukemia and type 1 diabetes;     -   Fyn, related to Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and         prevention of metastases, e.g. in melanoma and squamous cell         carcinoma;     -   GSK3 (Gsk3α and/or Gsk3β), related to CNS disorders such as         Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral         sclerosis, diabetes type II, bipolar disorders, stroke, cancer,         chronic inflammatory disease, leucopenia, schizophrenia, chronic         pain, neuropathic pain, and traumatic head injury;     -   HCK, related to chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute         lymphocytic leukemia;     -   Her2/Erbb2, related to prostate and breast cancer;     -   Her4/Erbb4, related to childhood medulloblastoma;     -   IGF1R, related to prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma;     -   IKK beta, related to leukemia of T-cells, necrosis, insulin         resistance, and malignant neoplasms;     -   Irak4, related to bacterial infections, immunodeficiency         syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, asthma, chronic         bronchitis, cardio hypertrophy, and kidney hypertension;     -   Itk, related to allergic asthma;     -   Jak1, related to Hepatitis C virus infection;     -   Jak2, related to myeloproliferative disorders such as         polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis, essential thromboeythemia,         myeloid metaplasia and leukemias, including acute lymphoblastic         leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic         leukemia, CMML, Philadelphia chromosome-negative CML,         megakaryocyte leukemia, and acute erythroid leukemia;     -   Jak3, related to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency,         myeloproliferative disorders, transplant rejection and         autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory         bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis,         ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis;     -   Jnk (Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3), related to metabolic diseases including         type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity,         and hepatic steatosis; cardiovascular diseases such as         atherosclerosis, ischemia (e.g. cerebrovascular ischemia, liver         ischemia), reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy; renal         diseases such as chronic renal failure; neoplastic diseases and         associated complications, including chemotherapy-induced         hypoxia, prostate tumors, myeloid leukemia and cancers of the         liver, bone, skin, brain, pancreas, lung breast, colon, prostate         and ovary; transplant rejection; pain of neuropathic or         inflammatory origin including acute and chronic pain;         inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including age-related         macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel         disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus         erythematosis, Sjogren's Syndrome, psoriasis, scleroderma,         chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease, myasthenia gravis, and         multiple sclerosis, and inflammation in other organs including         CNS inflammation, pancreatitis, nephritis, atopic dermatitis,         and hepatitis; airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma,         allergy, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive         pulmonary disease; neurologic diseases such as stroke,         cerebrovascular ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases such as         Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral         sclerosis, dementia, senile chorea, head and spinal cord trauma,         and Huntington's disease. More particularly, Jnk1 is related to         type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity         and hepatic steatosis, Jnk2 is related to atherosclerosis, and         Jnk3 is related to inflammatory diseases including autoimmune         diseases-such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel         syndrome, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis,         Sjogren's Syndrome, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, airway         inflammatory-diseases such as asthma, allergy, pulmonary         fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and         inflammation in other organs, such as CNS inflammation,         pancreatitis, nephritis, and hepatitis; neurologic diseases such         as stroke, cerebrovascular ischemia, and neurodegenerative         diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and         Huntington's disease; and neoplastic diseases such as prostate         tumors and myeloid leukemia;     -   Kdr, related to anti-angiogenesis for treating solid tumor         growth (e.g. ovarian, lung, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colon,         gastrointestinal stromal tumor, non small cell lung cancer, and         epidermoid cancer), metastasis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis,         diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration;     -   Kit, related to malignancies, including mast cell tumors, small         cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, gastrointestinal stromal         tumors (GISTs), glioblastoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma,         carcinomas of the female genital tract, sarcomas of         neuroectodermal origin, colorectal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ,         Schwann cell neoplasia associated with neurofibromatosis, acute         myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic         myelogenous leukemia, mastocytosis, melanoma, and canine mast         cell tumors, and inflammatory diseases, including asthma,         rheumatoid arthritis, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis,         inflammatory bowel syndrome, transplant rejection, and         hypereosinophilia;     -   Lck, related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell lymphoma,         lymphopenia, renal carcinoma, colon carcinoma, severe combined         immunodeficiency, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel and         type I diabetes;     -   Lyn, related to dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, metabolic         syndrome, septicemia, type II diabetes, cancer, obesity,         pancreatitis, hypertension, renal disease, inflammation, and         impotence;     -   MAP2K1, related to acute myeloid leukemia, breast, ovarian and         liver cancer;     -   MAP2K2, related to cancer and inflammation;     -   MAP4K4, related to metabolic indications, including         re-sensitizing fat and muscle cells to insulin, ameliorating the         pathology in adipocytes, ameliorating the pathology in muscle         cells, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes; a broad range         of oncology indications, including blocking the migration,         invasion and metastasis in many different tumor types; and         T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases; MAPKAPK2, cancer (e.g.         prostate, breast), stroke, meningitis, and inflammatory         disorders;     -   Met, related to kidney, breast, bladder, non-small-cell lung,         colorectal, and bladder cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma;     -   Mnk1, related to conditions associated with heat shock, nutrient         deprivation, oxidative or osmotic stress, and infection of         mammalian cells (e.g. with viruses such as adenovirus (Ad) or         influenza virus), and autoimmune diseases;     -   MLK1, related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's         disease and Parkinson's disease, and inflammatory disorders;     -   mTOR, related to neuronal tumors, breast cancer, prostate         cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia, lung cancer, pancreatic         cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer and myeloma;     -   p38, related to acute coronary syndrome, stroke,         atherosclerosis, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as         rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's         disease;     -   PDGFR (PDGFRA, PDGFRB), related to idiopathic hypereosinophilic         syndrome, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, glioma,         gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), juvenile myelomonocytic         leukemia, metastatic medulloblastoma, atherogenesis, and         restenosis. More particularly, PDGFRA related to idiopathic         hypereosinophilic syndrome, chronic eosinophilic leukemia,         glioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), juvenile         myelomonocytic leukemia, metastatic medulloblastoma,         atherogenesis, and restenosis, and PDGFRB related to idiopathic         hypereosinophilic syndrome, chronic eosinophilic leukemia,         juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and metastatic         medulloblastoma;     -   PDPK1, related to cancer and diabetes;     -   PI3K (including PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ), related to         inflammatory disease, including asthma, chronic obstructive         pulmonary disease, bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilia, lung         fibrosis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, sepsis, septic         shock, inflammatory myopathies, meningitis, encephalitis,         lacrimal parotid gland syndrome, acute respiratory distress         syndrome and pancreatitis, graft vs. host disease; allergies,         including allergic rhinitis, type I hypersensitivity reactions,         atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and eczema;         cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary         hypertension, deep venous thrombosis, stroke, myocardial         infarction, myocardial contractility disorders, ischemia,         thromoemolism, pulmonary embolism, acute arterial ischemia,         peripheral thrombotic occlusions, coronary artery disease and         acute coronary syndrome; autoimmune disease, including systemic         lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis,         glomerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves'         disease, autoimmune gastritis, type I diabetes, autoimmune         hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia,         atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, inflammatory bowel         disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and         Sjogren's syndrome; cancers, including ovarian cancer, cervical         cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer,         gastric carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer,         small and non-small cell lung cancer, thyroid carcinoma,         lymphomas, multiple myelomas, leukemias (e.g. acute myelogenous         leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia), neuroblastomas and         glioblastomas;     -   Pim1, related to cancers such as hematopoietic (e.g. acute         myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemias) and prostate cancers, and         non-Hodgkin's lymphomas;     -   Pim2, related to lymphomas;     -   Pim3, related to hepatocellular carcinoma;     -   PKC alpha, related to pituitary tumors and prefrontal cortical         dysfunction such as distractibility, impaired judgment,         impulsivity, and thought disorder, also may be used to sensitize         chemotherapy in breast, colon, and non small cell lung cancers;     -   PKC beta, related to diabetic retinopathy;     -   PKC-theta, related to insulin resistance, T-cell lymphoma;     -   Plk1, related to cancers (e.g. lymphoma of the thyroid,         non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, colorectal cancers, leukemias and         melanoma), also useful as sensitizer in chemotherapy;     -   Pyk2, related to inflammation (e.g. osteoporosis, polycystic         kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel         disease), CNS disease (e.g. Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's         disease), stroke and cancers (e.g. gliomas, breast cancer, and         pancreatic cancer);     -   Ret, related to cancer of the thyroid, neuroblastoma, familial         medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), multiple endocrine neoplasia         type IIA and IIB (MEN2A, MEN2B), and neurodegenerative disorders         (e.g. Hirschsprung's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's         disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis);     -   ROCK (ROCK-1, ROCK-2), related to cancers (e.g. ovarian cancer,         hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ocular disease         (e.g. glaucoma), cardiac hypertrophy, improved renal perfusion,         transplant rejection, and acute respiratory distress syndrome;     -   Ron, related to cancer and inflammation;     -   Src, related to cancer and osteoporosis;     -   Stk6, related to gastric, bladder, breast, lung, CNS, ovarian,         kidney, colon, prostate, pancreas, and cervical cancers,         melanoma, leukemia, and neuroblastoma;     -   Syk, related to lymphomas (e.g. mantle cell lymphoma);     -   TEC, related to sepsis, septic shock, inflammation, rheumatoid         arthritis. Crohn's disease, irritable bowel disease (IBD), and         ulcerative colitis;     -   Tie2 (TEK), related to cancer, arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid         arthritis), and atherosclerosis;     -   TrkA, related to pain (e.g. chronic pain, neuropathic pain),         cancer (e.g. prostate cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer),         allergic disorders (e.g. asthma), arthritis, diabetic         retinopathy, macular degeneration and psoriasis;     -   TrkB, related to obesity, hyperphagia, developmental delays,         cancer (e.g. prostate cancer, lung cancer, Wilms tumors,         neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer), various neuropathies (e.g.         stroke, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and         encephalitis), and diabetes.     -   Yes, related to various cancers including esophageal squamous         cell carcinoma; and     -   Zap70, related to AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia         gravis, atherosclerosis, rejection of transplanted organs or         tissues, allograft rejection including acute and chronic         allograft rejection, graft versus host disease, rheumathoid         arthritis, psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, atopic dermatitis,         eczematous dermatitis, alopecia, and inflammation of the nasal         mucus membrane, including all forms of rhinitis.

Additional aspects and embodiments will be apparent from the following Detailed Description of the Invention and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein the following definitions apply unless clearly indicated otherwise:

All atoms designated within a Formula described herein, either within a structure provided, or within the definitions of variables related to the structure, is intended to include any isotope thereof, unless clearly indicated to the contrary. It is understood that for any given atom, the isotopes may be present essentially in ratios according to their natural occurrence, or one or more particular atoms may be enhanced with respect to one or more isotopes using synthetic methods known to one skilled in the art. Thus, hydrogen includes for example ¹H, ²H, ³H; carbon includes for example ¹¹C, ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C; oxygen includes for example ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O; nitrogen includes for example ¹³N, ¹⁴N, ¹⁵N; sulfur includes for example ³²S, ³³S, ³⁴S, ³⁵S, ³⁶S, ³⁷S, ³⁸S; fluoro includes for example ¹⁷F, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F; chloro includes for example ³⁵Cl, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ³⁸Cl, ³⁹Cl; and the like.

“Halogen” refer to all halogens, that is, chloro (Cl), fluoro (F), bromo (Br), or iodo (I).

“Hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” refer to the group —OH.

“Thiol” refers to the group —SH.

“Lower alkyl” alone or in combination means an alkane-derived radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (unless specifically defined) that includes a straight chain alkyl or branched alkyl. The straight chain or branched lower alkyl group is chemically feasible and attached at any available point to provide a stable compound. In many embodiments, a lower alkyl is a straight or branched alkyl group containing from 1-6, 1-4, or 1-2, carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, and the like. A “substituted lower alkyl” denotes lower alkyl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(c), —R^(f), and —R^(g). Furthermore, possible substitutions include subsets of these substitutions, such as are indicated herein, for example, in the description of compounds of Formula I, attached at any available atom to produce a stable compound. For example “fluoro substituted lower alkyl” denotes a lower alkyl group substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, such as perfluoroalkyl, where preferably the lower alkyl is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fluoro atoms, also 1, 2, or 3 fluoro atoms. It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Lower alkenyl” alone or in combination means a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-6 carbon atoms (unless specifically defined) and at least one, preferably 1-3, more preferably 1-2, most preferably one, carbon to carbon double bond. Carbon to carbon double bonds may be either contained within a straight chain or branched portion. The straight chain or branched lower alkenyl group is chemically feasible and attached at any available point to provide a stable compound. Examples of lower alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, and the like. A “substituted lower alkenyl” denotes lower alkenyl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(f), and —R^(g). Further, possible substitutions include subsets of these substitutions, such as are indicated herein, for example, in the description of compounds of Formula I, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound. For example “fluoro substituted lower alkenyl” denotes a lower alkenyl group substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, where preferably the lower alkenyl is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fluoro atoms, also 1, 2, or 3 fluoro atoms. It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Lower alkynyl” alone or in combination means a straight or branched hydrocarbon containing 2-6 carbon atoms (unless specifically defined) containing at least one, preferably one, carbon to carbon triple bond. The straight chain or branched lower alkynyl group is chemically feasible and attached at any available point to provide a stable compound. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, and the like. A “substituted lower alkynyl” denotes lower alkynyl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(p), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(e), and —R^(g). Further, possible substitutions include subsets of these substitutions, such as are indicated herein, for example, in the description of compounds of Formula I, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound. For example “fluoro substituted lower alkynyl” denotes a lower alkynyl group substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, where preferably the lower alkynyl is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fluoro atoms, also 1, 2, or 3 fluoro atoms. It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring systems of 3-10, also 3-8, more preferably 3-6, ring members per ring, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, and the like. “Cycloalkylene” is a divalent cycloalkyl. A “substituted cycloalkyl” is a cycloalkyl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(e), —R^(f), and —R^(g). It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cycloalkyl group having from 5 to 10 atoms in which from 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by heteroatoms of O, S or N, and are optionally fused with benzo or heteroaryl of 5-6 ring members. Heterocycloalkyl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. Heterocycloalkyl is also intended to include compounds in which a ring carbon may be oxo substituted, i.e. the ring carbon is a carbonyl group, such as lactones and lactams. The point of attachment of the heterocycloalkyl ring is at a carbon or nitrogen atom such that a stable ring is retained. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholino, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperazinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, and dihydroindolyl. “Heterocycloalkylene” is a divalent heterocycloalkyl. A “substituted heterocycloalkyl” is a heterocycloalkyl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(e), —R^(f), and —R^(g). It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Aryl” alone or in combination refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic ring system containing aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally fused with a cycloalkyl of preferably 5-7, more preferably 5-6, ring members. “Arylene” is a divalent aryl. A “substituted aryl” is an aryl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(e), —R^(f), and —R^(g). A “substituted arylene” is a divalent substituted aryl. It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Heteroaryl” alone or in combination refers to a monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing 5 or 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic group having 8 to 10 atoms, containing one or more, preferably 1-4, more preferably 1-3, even more preferably 1-2, heteroatoms independently-selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N. Heteroaryl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. A carbon or nitrogen atom is the point of attachment of the heteroaryl ring structure such that a stable compound is provided. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinaoxalyl, indolizinyl, benzo[b]thienyl, quinazolinyl, purinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, oxathiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, furanyl, benzofuryl, and indolyl. “Nitrogen containing heteroaryl” refers to heteroaryl wherein any heteroatoms are N, “Heteroarylene” is a divalent heteroaryl. A “substituted heteroaryl” is a heteroaryl that is independently substituted, unless indicated otherwise, with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(o), —S—R^(o), —O—C(O)—R^(o), —O—C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—R^(o), —C(S)—R^(o), —C(O)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—O—R^(o), —S(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—O—R^(o), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(O)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —C(S)—N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(o), —C(NH)—N(R^(p))—R^(c), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(O)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—C(S)—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(o), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—S(O)₂—N(R^(o))—R^(o), —N(H)—R^(o), —N(R^(o))—R^(o), —R^(d), —R^(e), —R^(f), and —R^(g). “Substituted heteroarylene” is a divalent substituted heteroaryl. It is understood that substitutions are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

The variables R^(o), R^(p), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f) and R^(g) as used in the description of optional substituents for alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are defined as follows:

each R^(o), R^(p), and R^(c) are independently selected from the group consisting of R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g), or R^(p) and R^(c) combine with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein the 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —O—R^(u), —S—R^(u), —N(H)—R^(u), —N(R^(u))—R^(u), —R^(x), and —R^(y); each R^(d) is independently lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(k), —S—R^(k), —O—C(O)—R^(k), —O—C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—R^(k), —C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—O—R^(k), —S(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(R^(m))—R^(n), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—R^(k), —R^(i), and —R^(j); each R^(e) is independently lower alkenyl, wherein lower alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(k), —S—R^(k), —O—C(O)—R^(k), —O—C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—R^(k), —C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—O—R^(k), —S(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(R^(m))—R^(n), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(R)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—R^(k), —R^(h), and —R^(j); each R^(f) is independently lower alkynyl, wherein lower alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(k), —S—R^(k), —O—C(O)—R^(k), —O—C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—R^(k), —C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—O—R^(k), —S(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(R^(m))—R^(n), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—R^(k), —R^(h), and —R^(j); each R^(g) is independently selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(k), —S—R^(k), —O—C(O)—R^(k), —O—C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—R^(k), —C(S)—R^(k), —C(O)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—O—R^(k), —S(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—O—R^(k), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(O)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —C(S)—N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(k), —C(NH)—N(R^(m))—R^(n), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(S)—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(O)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—C(S)—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—NH₂, —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(k), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—S(O)₂—N(R^(k))—R^(k), —N(H)—R^(k), —N(R^(k))—R^(k), —R^(h), —R^(i), and —R^(j);

-   -   wherein R^(k), R^(m), and R^(n) at each occurrence are         independently selected from the group consisting of R^(h),         R^(i), and R^(j), or R^(m) and R^(n) combine with the nitrogen         to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl         or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein the         5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 or 7 membered nitrogen         containing heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or         more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents         selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH,         —NH₂, O—R^(u), —S—R^(u), —N(H)—R^(u), —N(R^(u))—R^(u), —R^(x),         and —R^(y);     -   wherein each R^(h) is independently lower alkyl optionally         substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also         1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of         fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂,         —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH,         —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂,         —O—R^(r), —S—R^(r), —O—C(O)—R^(r), —O—C(S)—R^(r), —C(O)—R^(r),         —C(S)—R^(r), —C(O)—O—R^(r), —C(S)—O—R^(r), —S(O)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(r),         —S(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(r), —C(O)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(r),         —C(NH)—N(R^(s))—R^(t), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(r))—C(S)—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —R^(i), and —R^(j);     -   wherein each R^(i) is independently selected from the group         consisting of lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein lower         alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or         more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents         selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂,         —CN, —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂,         —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂,         —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂, —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(r), —S—R^(r),         —O—C(O)—R^(r), —O—C(S)—R^(r), —C(O)—R^(r), —C(S)—R^(r),         —C(O)—O—R^(r), —C(S)—O—R^(r), —S(O)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—R^(r), —C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —S(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —S(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(r),         —C(NH)—N(R^(s))—R^(t), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(r))—C(S)—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—R^(r),         and —R^(j);     -   wherein each R^(j) is independently selected from the group         consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more,         preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected         from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN,         —C(O)—OH, —C(S)—OH, —C(O)—NH₂, —C(S)—NH₂, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂,         —C(O)—N(H)—OH, —C(S)—N(H)—OH, —N(H)—C(O)—NH₂, —N(H)—C(S)—NH₂,         —N(H)—S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(NH)—NH₂, —O—R^(r), —S—R^(r), —O—C(O)—R^(r),         —O—C(S)—R^(r), —C(O)—R^(r), —C(S)—R^(r), —C(O)—O—R^(r),         —C(S)—O—R^(r), —S(O)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(H)—R^(r), —C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —S(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —S(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—O—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—O—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—O—R^(r), —C(O)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(O)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —C(S)—N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —C(S)—N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(O)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —S(O)₂—N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —C(NH)—N(H)—R^(r),         —C(NH)—N(R^(s))—R^(t), —N(H)—C(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—NH₂, —N(R^(r))—C(S)—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(H)—R^(r),         —N(H)—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—C(O)—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—C(S)—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—NH₂,         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(H)—R^(r), —N(H)—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r),         —N(R^(r))—S(O)₂—N(R^(r))—R^(r), —N(H)—R^(r), N(R^(r))—R^(r),         cycloalkylamino, and —R^(x);         -   wherein each R^(r), R^(s) and R^(t) at each occurrence are             independently selected from the group consisting of lower             alkyl, C₃₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,             heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl             is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2,             3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the             group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy,             fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro             substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino,             and cycloalkylamino, and wherein C₃₋₆ alkenyl or C₃₋₆             alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more,             preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents             selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, lower             alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro             substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro             substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino,             and cycloalkylamino, and wherein cycloalkyl,             heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally             substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,             also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group             consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl,             fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro             substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro             substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino,             and cycloalkylamino, or R^(s) and R^(t) combine with the             nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered             heterocycloalkyl or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing             heteroaryl, wherein the 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5             or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl are optionally             substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,             also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group             consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, O—R^(u),             —S—R^(u), —N(H)—R^(u), —N(R^(u))—R^(u), —R^(x) and —R^(y);         -   wherein each R^(u) is independently selected from the group             consisting of lower alkyl, C_(3.6) alkenyl, C₃₋₆ alkynyl,             cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein             lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more,             preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents             selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH,             —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower             alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio,             mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and             wherein C₃₋₆ alkenyl or C₃₋₆ alkynyl are optionally             substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,             also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group             consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro             substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted             lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower             alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and             cycloalkylamino, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,             aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or             more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3             substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen,             —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower             alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower             alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio,             mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino;         -   wherein each R^(x) is selected from the group consisting of             lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein lower             alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more, preferably             1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from             the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower             alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio,             fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino,             di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein lower             alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one             or more, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3             substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y),             fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower             alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower             alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio,             mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino;         -   wherein each R^(y) is selected from the group consisting of             cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein             cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are             optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1, 2, 3,             4 or 5, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group             consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl,             fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro             substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro             substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino,             and cycloalkylamino.

In some embodiments, all occurrences of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, or optionally substituted lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —O—C(O)—R^(1a), —O—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(NH)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —O—C(O)—R^(1a), —O—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(NH)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), —R^(1b), and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), and all occurrences of optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2, or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —O—C(O)—R^(1a), —O—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —C(NH)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), —R^(1b), and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), wherein R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —R^(1b) and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), and wherein —R^(1b) is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.

In some embodiments, all occurrences of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, or optionally substituted lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), —R^(1b), and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), and all occurrences of optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylene, or optionally substituted 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2, or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —O—R^(1a), —S—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(O)—R^(1a), —C(S)—R^(1a), —C(O)—O—R^(1a), —C(O)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —C(S)—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—N(R^(1a))—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(O)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—C(S)—R^(1a), —N(R^(1a))—S(O)₂—R^(1a), —S(O)—R^(1a), —S(O)₂—R^(1a), —R^(1b), and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), wherein R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —R^(1b), and lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —R^(1b), and wherein —R^(1b) is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more, also 1, 2 or 3 groups or substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.

“Lower alkoxy” denotes the group —OR^(z), where R^(z) is lower alkyl. “Substituted lower alkoxy” denotes lower alkoxy in which R^(z) is lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents as indicated herein, for example, in the description of compounds of Formula I, including descriptions of substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound. Preferably, substitution of lower alkoxy is with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents. For example “fluoro substituted lower alkoxy” denotes lower alkoxy in which the lower alkyl is substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, where preferably the lower alkoxy is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fluoro atoms, also 1, 2, or 3 fluoro atoms. It is understood that substitutions on alkoxy are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Lower alkylthio” denotes the group —SR^(aa), where R^(aa) is lower alkyl. “Substituted lower alkylthio” denotes lower alkylthio in which R^(aa) is lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents as indicated herein, for example, in the description of compounds of Formula I, including descriptions of substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound. Preferably, substitution of lower alkylthio is with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, also 1, 2, or 3 substituents. For example “fluoro substituted lower alkylthio” denotes lower alkylthio in which the lower alkyl is substituted with one or more fluoro atoms, where preferably the lower alkylthio is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fluoro atoms, also 1, 2, or 3 fluoro atoms. It is understood that substitutions on alkylthio are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

“Amino” or “amine” denotes the group —NH₂. “Mono-alkylamino” denotes the group —NHR^(bb) where R^(bb) is lower alkyl. “Di-alkylamino” denotes the group NR^(bb)R^(cc), where R^(bb) and R^(cc) are independently lower alkyl. “Cycloalkylamino” denotes the group —NR^(dd)R^(ee), where R^(dd) and R^(ee) combine with the nitrogen to form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, where the heterocycloalkyl may contain an additional heteroatom within the ring, such as O, N, or S, and may also be further substituted with lower alkyl. Examples of 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, piperidine, piperazine, 4-methylpiperazine, morpholine, and thiomorpholine. It is understood that when mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, or cycloalkylamino are substituents on other moieties, these are chemically feasible and attached at any available atom to provide a stable compound.

As used herein, the term “solid form” refers to a solid preparation (i.e. a preparation that is neither gas nor liquid) of a pharmaceutically active compound that is suitable for administration to an intended animal subject for therapeutic purposes. The solid form includes any complex, such as a salt, co-crystal or an amorphous complex, as well as any polymorph of the compound. The solid form may be substantially crystalline, semi-crystalline or substantially amorphous. The solid form may be administered directly or used in the preparation of a suitable composition having improved pharmaceutical properties. For example, the solid form may be used in a formulation comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

As used herein, the term “substantially crystalline” material embraces material which has greater than about 90% crystallinity; and “crystalline” material embraces material which has greater than about 98% crystallinity.

As used herein, the term “substantially amorphous” material embraces material which has no more than about 10% crystallinity; and “amorphous” material embraces material which has no more than about 2% crystallinity.

As used herein, the term “semi-crystalline” material embraces material which is greater than 10% crystallinity, but no greater than 90% crystallinity; preferably “semi-crystalline” material embraces material which is greater than 20% crystallinity, but no greater than 80% crystallinity. In one aspect of the present invention, a mixture of solid forms of a compound may be prepared, for example, a mixture of amorphous and crystalline solid forms, e.g. to provide a “semi-crystalline” solid form. Such a “semi-crystalline” solid form may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example by mixing an amorphous solid form with a crystalline solid form in the desired ratio. In some instances, a compound mixed with acid or base forms an amorphous complex; a semi-crystalline solid can be prepared employing an amount of compound component in excess of the stoichiometry of the compound and acid or base in the amorphous complex, thereby resulting in an amount of the amorphous complex that is based on the stoichiometry thereof, with excess compound in a crystalline form. The amount of excess compound used in the preparation of the complex can be adjusted to provide the desired ratio of amorphous complex to crystalline compound in the resulting mixture of solid forms. For example, where the amorphous complex of acid or base and compound has a 1:1 stoichiometry, preparing said complex with a 2:1 mole ratio of compound to acid or base will result in a solid form of 50% amorphous complex and 50% crystalline compound. Such a mixture of solid forms may be beneficial as a drug product, for example, by providing an amorphous component having improved biopharmaceutical properties alone with the crystalline component. The amorphous component would be more readily bioavailable while the crystalline component would have a delayed bioavailablity. Such a mixture may provide both rapid and extended exposure to the active compound.

As used herein, the term “complex” refers to a combination of a pharmaceutically active compound and an additional molecular species that forms or produces a new chemical species in a solid form. In some instances, the complex may be a salt, i.e. where the additional molecular species provides an acid/base counter ion to an acid/base group of the compound resulting in an acid:base interaction that forms a typical salt. While such salt forms are typically substantially crystalline, they can also be partially crystalline, substantially amorphous, or amorphous forms. In some instances, the additional molecular species, in combination with the pharmaceutically active compound, forms a non-salt co-crystal, i.e. the compound and molecular species do not interact by way of a typical acid:base interaction, but still form a substantially crystalline structure. Co-crystals may also be formed from a salt of the compound and an additional molecular species. In some instances, the complex is a substantially amorphous complex, which may contain salt-like acid:base interactions that do not form typical salt crystals, but instead form a substantially amorphous solid, i.e. a solid whose X-ray powder diffraction pattern exhibits no sharp peaks (e.g. exhibits an amorphous halo).

As used herein, the term “stoichiometry” refers to the molar ratio of two or more reactants that combine to form a complex, for example, the molar ratio of acid or base to compound that form an amorphous complex. For example, a 1:1 mixture of acid or base with compound (i.e. 1 mole acid or base per mole of compound) resulting in an amorphous solid form has a 1:1 stoichiometry.

As used herein, the term “composition” refers to a pharmaceutical preparation suitable for administration to an intended animal subject for therapeutic purposes that contains at least one pharmaceutically active compound, including any solid form thereof. The composition may include at least one pharmaceutically acceptable component to provide an improved formulation of the compound, such as a suitable carrier or excipient.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the indicated material does not have properties that would cause a reasonably prudent medical practitioner to avoid administration of the material to a patient, taking into consideration the diseases or conditions to be treated and the respective route of administration. For example, it is commonly required that such a material be essentially sterile, e.g., for injectibles.

In the present context, the term “therapeutically effective” or “effective amount” indicates that the materials or amount of material is effective to prevent, alleviate, or ameliorate one or more symptoms of a disease or medical condition, and or to prolong the survival of the subject being treated.

In the present context, the terms “synergistically effective” or “synergistic effect” indicate that two or more compounds that are therapeutically effective, when used in combination, provide improved therapeutic effects greater than the additive effect that would be expected based on the effect of each compound used by itself.

In the context of compounds binding to a target, the terms “greater affinity” and “selective” indicates that the compound binds more tightly than a reference compound, or than the same compound in a reference condition, i.e., with a lower dissociation constant. In some embodiments, the greater affinity is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 500, 1000, or 10,000-fold greater affinity.

As used herein in connection with compounds of the invention, the term “synthesizing” and like terms means chemical synthesis from one or more precursor materials.

By “assaying” is meant the creation of experimental conditions and the gathering of data regarding a particular result of the experimental conditions. For example, enzymes can be assayed based on their ability to act upon a detectable substrate. A compound or ligand can be assayed based on its ability to bind to a particular target molecule or molecules.

As used herein, the term “modulating” or “modulate” refers to an effect of altering a biological activity, especially a biological activity associated with a particular biomolecule such as a protein kinase. For example, an agonist or antagonist of a particular biomolecule modulates the activity of that biomolecule, e.g., an enzyme, by either increasing (e.g. agonist, activator), or decreasing (e.g. antagonist, inhibitor) the activity of the biomolecule, such as an enzyme. Such activity is typically indicated in terms of an inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) or excitation concentration (EC₅₀) of the compound for an inhibitor or activator, respectively, with respect to, for example, an enzyme.

In the context of the use, testing, or screening of compounds that are or may be modulators, the term “contacting” means that the compound(s) are caused to be in sufficient proximity to a particular molecule, complex, cell, tissue, organism, or other specified material that potential binding interactions and/or chemical reaction between the compound and other specified material can occur.

“Pain” or a “pain condition” can be acute and/or chronic pain, including, without limitation, arachnoiditis; arthritis (e.g. osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout); back pain (e.g. sciatica, ruptured disc, spondylolisthesis, radiculopathy); burn pain; cancer pain; dysmenorrhea; headaches (e.g. migraine, cluster headaches, tension headaches); head and facial pain (e.g. cranial neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia); hyperalgesia; hyperpathia; inflammatory pain (e.g. pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, cystitis, pain from bacterial, fungal or viral infection); keloid or scar tissue formation; labor or delivery pain; muscle pain (e.g. as a result of polymyositis, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, repetitive stress injury (e.g. writer's cramp, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, tenosynovitis)); myofascial pain syndromes (e.g. fibromyalgia); neuropathic pain (e.g. diabetic neuropathy, causalgia, entrapment neuropathy, brachial plexus avulsion, occipital neuralgia, gout, reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, phantom limb or post-amputation pain, postherpetic neuralgia, central pain syndrome, or nerve pain resulting from trauma (e.g. nerve injury), disease (e.g. diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Guillan-Barre Syndrome, myasthenia gravis, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or cancer treatment); pain associated with skin disorders (e.g. shingles, herpes simplex, skin tumors, cysts, neurofibromatosis); sports injuries (e.g. cuts, sprains, strains, bruises, dislocations, fractures, spinal chord, head); spinal stenosis; surgical pain; tactile allodynia; temporomandibular disorders; vascular disease or injury (e.g. vasculitis, coronary artery disease, reperfusion injury (e.g. following ischemia, stroke, or myocardial infarcts)); other specific organ or tissue pain (e.g. ocular pain, corneal pain, bone pain, heart pain, visceral pain (e.g. kidney, gall bladder, gastrointestinal), joint pain, dental pain, pelvic hypersensitivity, pelvic pain, renal colic, urinary incontinence); other disease associated pain (e.g. sickle cell anemia, AIDS, herpes zoster, psoriasis, endometriosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), silicosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, esophagitis, heart burn, gastroesophageal reflux disorder, stomach and duodenal ulcers, functional dyspepsia, bone resorption disease, osteoporosis, cerebral malaria, bacterial meningitis); or pain due to graft v, host rejection or allograft rejections.

The present invention concerns compounds of Formula I, and all sub-generic formulae, that are modulators of protein kinases, for example without limitation, the compounds are modulators of at least one of the kinases selected from the group consisting of Abl, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, ALK, Alk5. B-Raf, Brk, Btk, Cdk2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CHK1, c-Raf-1, Csk, EGFR, EphA1, EphA2, EphB2, EphB4, Erk2, Fak, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, Flt1, Flt3, Flt4, Fms, Frk, Fyn, Gsk3α, Gsk3β, HCK, Her2/Erbb2, Her4/Erbb4, IGF1R, IKK beta, Irak4, ltk, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Jnk1, Jnk2, Jnk3, Kdr, Kit, Lck, Lyn, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP4K4, MAPKAPK2, Met, Mnk1, MLK1, mTOR, p38, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDPK1, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC theta, Plk1, Pyk2, Ret, ROCK1, ROCK2. Ron, Src, Stk6, Syk, TEC. Tie2, TrkA, TrkB, Yes, and Zap70, and the use of such compounds in the treatment of diseases or conditions.

Kinase Targets and Indications of the Invention

Protein kinases play key roles in propagating biochemical signals in diverse biological pathways. More than 500 kinases have been described, and specific kinases have been implicated in a wide range of diseases or conditions (i.e., indications), including for example without limitation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, neurological disease, and other diseases. As such, kinases represent important control points for small molecule therapeutic intervention. Specific target protein kinases contemplated by the present invention are described in the art, including, without limitation, protein kinases as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference with respect to such kinase targets, as well as the following:

A-Raf: Target kinase A-Raf (i.e., v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene homolog 1) is a 67.6 kDa serine/threonine kinase encoded by chromosome Xp11.4-p11.2 (symbol: ARAF). The mature protein comprises RBD (i.e., Ras binding domain) and phorbol-ester DAG-type zinc finger domain and is involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. A-Raf inhibitors may be useful in treating neurologic diseases such as multi-infarct dementia, head injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease; neoplastic diseases including, but not limited to, melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, carcinoma (e.g. colorectal, lung, breast, pancreatic, thyroid, renal, ovarian), lymphoma (e.g. histiocytic lymphoma), neurofibromatosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis; pain of neuropathic or inflammatory origin, including acute pain, chronic pain, cancer-related pain and migraine; and diseases associated with muscle regeneration or degeneration, including, but not limited to, vascular restenosis, sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies (including, but not limited to, Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, Limb-Girdle, Facioscapulohumeral, Myotonic. Oculopharyngeal, Distal and Congenital Muscular Dystrophies), motor neuron diseases (including, but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, intermediate spinal muscular atrophy, juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, and adult spinal muscular atrophy), inflammatory myopathies (including, but not limited to, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis), diseases of the neuromuscular junction (including, but not limited to, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, and congenital myasthenic syndrome), myopathies due to endocrine abnormalities (including, but not limited to, hyperthyroid myopathy and hypothyroid myopathy) diseases of peripheral nerve (including, but not limited to, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease, and Friedreich's ataxia), other myopathies (including, but not limited to, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, central core disease, nemaline myopathy, myotubular myopathy, and periodic paralysis), and metabolic diseases of muscle (including, but not limited to, phosphorylase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, debrancher enzyme deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmatyl transferase deficiency, phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, and myoadenylate deaminase deficiency).

B-Raf: Target kinase B-Raf (i.e., v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) is a 84.4 kDa serine threonine kinase encoded by chromosome 7q34 (symbol: BRAF). The mature protein comprises RBD (i.e., Ras binding domain), C1 (i.e., protein kinase C conserved region 1) and STK (i.e. serine/threonine kinase) domains.

Target kinase B-Raf is involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus and may play a role in the postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neurons. As such, genes of the RAF family encode kinases that are regulated by Ras and mediate cellular responses to growth signals. Indeed, B-Raf kinase is a key component of the RAS->Raf->MEK->ERK/MAP kinase signaling pathway, which plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cell growth, division and proliferation, and, when constitutively activated, causes tumorigenesis. Among several iso forms of Raf kinase, the B-type, or B-Raf, is the strongest activator of the downstream MAP kinase signaling.

The BRAF gene is frequently mutated in a variety of human tumors, especially in malignant melanoma and colon carcinoma. The most common reported mutation was a missense thymine (T) to adenine (A) transversion at nucleotide 1796 (T1796A; amino acid change in the B-Raf protein is Val<600> to Glu<600>) observed in 80% of malignant melanoma tumors. Functional analysis reveals that this transversion is the only detected mutation that causes constitutive activation of B-Raf kinase activity, independent of RAS activation, by converting B-Raf into a dominant transforming protein. Based on precedents, human tumors develop resistance to kinase inhibitors by mutating a specific amino acid in the catalytic domain as the “gatekeeper”. (Balak, et. al., Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12:6494-501). Mutation of Thr-529 in BRAF to Ile is thus anticipated as a mechanism of resistance to BRAF inhibitors, and this can be envisioned as a transition in codon 529 from ACC to ATC.

Niihori et al., report that in 43 individuals with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, they identified two heterozygous KRAS mutations in three individuals and eight BRAF mutations in 16 individuals, suggesting that dysregulation of the RAS-RAF-ERK pathway is a common molecular basis for the three related disorders (Niihori et al., Nat. Genet. 2006, 38 (3):294-6).

c-Raf-1: Target kinase c-Raf-1 (i.e., v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog 1) is a 73.0 kDa STK encoded by chromosome 3p25 (symbol: RAF1). c-Raf-1 can be targeted to the mitochondria by BCL2 (i.e., oncogene B-cell leukemia 2) which is a regulator of apoptotic cell death. Active c-Raf-1 improves BCL2-mediated resistance to apoptosis, and c-Raf-1 phosphorylates BAD (i.e., BCL2-binding protein). c-Raf-1 is implicated in carcinomas, including colorectal, ovarian, lung and renal cell carcinoma. C-Raf-1 is also implicated as an important mediator of tumor angiogenesis (Hood, J. D. et al., 2002, Science 296, 2404). C-Raf-1 inhibitors may also be useful for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (Crump. Curr Pharm Des 2002, 8 (25):2243-8). Raf-1 activators may be useful as treatment for neuroendocrine tumors, such as medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer and pheochromocytoma (Kunnimalaiyaan et al., Anticancer Drugs 2006, 17 (2): 139-42).

Raf inhibitors (A-Raf and or B-Raf and/or c-Raf-1) may be useful in treating A-Raf-mediated, B-Raf-mediated or c-Raf-1-mediated diseases or conditions selected from the group consisting of neurologic diseases, including, but not limited to, multi-infarct dementia, head injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, seizures and epilepsy; neoplastic diseases including, but not limited to, melanoma, glioma, sarcoma, carcinoma (e.g. gastrointestinal, liver, bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma), colorectal, lung, breast, pancreatic, thyroid, renal, ovarian, prostate), lymphoma (e.g. histiocytic lymphoma) neurofibromatosis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, tumor angiogenesis, neuroendocrine tumors such as medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and pheochromocytoma; pain of neuropathic or inflammatory origin, including, but not limited to, acute pain, chronic pain, cancer-related pain, and migraine; cardiovascular diseases, including, but not limited to, heart failure, ischemic stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombosis (e.g. thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes), atherosclerosis, and reperfusion injury; inflammation and/or proliferation including, but not limited to, psoriasis, eczema, arthritis and autoimmune diseases and conditions, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, scarring, vascular restenosis, fibrotic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); immunodeficiency diseases, including, but not limited to, organ transplant rejection, graft versus host disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma associated with HIV; renal, cystic, or prostatic diseases, including, but not limited to, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, prostate hyperplasia, polycystic liver disease, tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease, medullary cystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and cystic fibrosis; metabolic disorders, including, but not limited to, obesity; infection, including, but not limited to, Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis and Influenza viruses, fever, HIV, and sepsis; pulmonary diseases, including, but not limited to, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); genetic developmental diseases, including, but not limited to, Noonan's syndrome, Costello syndrome, (faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome), LEOPARD syndrome, cardio-faciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and neural crest syndrome abnormalities causing cardiovascular, skeletal, intestinal, skin, hair and endocrine diseases; and diseases associated with muscle regeneration or degeneration, including, but not limited to sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies (including, but not limited to, Duchenne, Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, Limb-Girdle, Facioscapulohumeral, Myotonic, Oculopharyngeal, Distal and Congenital Muscular Dystrophies), motor neuron diseases (including, but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy, intermediate spinal muscular atrophy-Juvenile spinal muscular atrophy, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, and adult spinal muscular atrophy), inflammatory myopathies (including, but not limited to, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis), diseases of the neuromuscular junction (including, but not limited to, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, and congenital myasthenic syndrome), myopathies due to endocrine abnormalities (including, but not limited to, hypothyroid myopathy and hypothyroid myopathy) diseases of peripheral nerve (including, but not limited to, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine-Sottas disease, and Friedreich's ataxia), other myopathies (including, but not limited to, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, central core disease, nemaline myopathy, myotubular myopathy, and periodic paralysis), and metabolic diseases of muscle (including, but not limited to, phosphorylase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, debrancher enzyme deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmatyl transferase deficiency, phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, and myoadenylate deaminase deficiency).

PI3 kinase family: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are a family of enzymes that phosphorylate phosphotidylinositol. One of the key signaling pathways in all eukaryotic cells involves this second messenger phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 is generated from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2) by ATP dependent phosphorylation at the 3-position of the inositol ring. This reaction is catalyzed by the PI3-kinase family of lipid kinases. The PI3K family includes three main classes with varied substrate specificity. Class I, in addition to phosphorylating PI, also phosphorylates PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2. Class II phosphorylates PI and PI(4)P. Class III phosphorylates only PI. Class I PI3K is a heterodimeric molecule composed of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, wherein for type IA PI3K, one of five regulatory subunits, p85α, p55α, p50α, p85β or p55γ is attached to a p110α, p110β, or p110δ catalytic subunit, and p101 regulatory subunits and p110γ catalytic subunits comprise type IB PI3K. These sub classes are typically referred to as PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ based on the corresponding catalytic subunit. The p110α and p110β are constitutively expressed in all cell types, while p110δ is expressed mainly in leukocytes and some epithelial cells, and p110γ expression is limited to leukocytes. Dysregulation of the Type 1 PI3-kinases is a frequent event in a variety of human diseases. For example, PI3 kinase-α is frequently mutated in breast, colorectal, and many other cancers. Furthermore, knockout of the γ-isoform, which is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells, results in mice that are resistant to a variety of inflammatory insults.

PI3 kinases are targets for tumor therapy, as the pathway is regulated by RAS, and is constitutively activated in a variety of human tumors. For example, somatic mutations that activate PI3Kα have been identified, most frequently in the helical domain (E545K and E542K) and kinase domain (H1047R) of p110α (e.g. Engelman et al. Nature medicine 2008, 14 (12):1351-1355). Thus, inhibitors of PI3K may be used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including, but not limited to, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, gastric carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, small and non-small cell lung cancer, thyroid carcinoma, lymphomas, multiple myelomas, leukemias (e.g. acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia), neuroblastomas and glioblastomas.

PI3 kinase inhibitors are useful in treating a variety of other diseases, including, but not limited to inflammatory disease, including, but not limited to, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, emphysema, eosinophilia, lung fibrosis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, sepsis, septic shock, inflammatory myopathies, meningitis, encephalitis, lacrimal parotid gland syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pancreatitis, graft vs. host disease; allergies, including, but not limited to, allergic rhinitis, type I hypersensitivity reactions, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and eczema; cardiovascular disease, including, but not limited to, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, deep venous thrombosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, myocardial contractility disorders, ischemia, thromoemolism, pulmonary embolism, acute arterial ischemia, peripheral thrombotic occlusions, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome; autoimmune disease, including, but not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, type I diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, myasthenia gravis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and Sjogren's syndrome.

mTOR: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, including the regulation of response of tumor cells to nutrients and growth factors. Inhibitors of mTOR are effective in treating a variety of tumors, including, but not limited to, neuronal tumors, breast cancer, prostate cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer and myeloma.

Kinase Activity Assays

A number of different assays for kinase activity can be utilized for assaying for active modulators and/or determining specificity of a modulator for a particular kinase or group or kinases. In addition to the assay mentioned in the Examples below, one of ordinary skill in the art will know of other assays that can be utilized and can modify an assay for a particular application. For example, numerous papers concerning kinases describe assays that can be used.

Additional alternative assays can employ binding determinations. For example, this sort of assay can be formatted either in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) format, or using an AlphaScreen (amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay) format by varying the donor and acceptor reagents that are attached to streptavidin or the phosphor-specific antibody.

Organic Synthetic Techniques

A wide array of organic synthetic techniques exist in the art to facilitate the construction of potential modulators. Many of these organic synthetic methods are described in detail in standard reference sources utilized by those skilled in the art. One example of such a reference is March, 1994, Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, New York, McGraw Hill. Thus, the techniques useful to synthesize a potential modulator of kinase function are readily available to those skilled in the art of organic chemical synthesis.

Alternative Compound Forms or Derivatives

Compounds contemplated herein are described with reference to both generic formulae and specific compounds. In addition, invention compounds may exist in a number of different forms or derivatives, all within the scope of the present invention. Alternative forms or derivatives, include, for example, (a) prodrugs, and active metabolites (b) tautomers, isomers (including stereoisomers and regioisomers), and racemic mixtures (c) pharmaceutically acceptable salts and (d) solid forms, including different crystal forms, polymorphic or amorphous solids, including hydrates and solvates thereof, and other forms.

(a) Prodrugs and Metabolites

In addition to the present formulae and compounds described herein, the invention also includes prodrugs (generally pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs), active metabolic derivatives (active metabolites), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Prodrugs are compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which, when metabolized under physiological conditions or when converted by solvolysis, yield the desired active compound. Prodrugs include, without limitation, esters, amides, carbamates, carbonates, ureides, solvates, or hydrates of the active compound. Typically, the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the active compound, but may provide one or more advantageous handling, administration, and/or metabolic properties. For example, some prodrugs are esters of the active compound; during metabolysis, the ester group is cleaved to yield the active drug. Esters include, for example, esters of a carboxylic acid group, or S-acyl or O-acyl derivatives of thiol, alcohol, or phenol groups. In this context, a common example is an alkyl ester of a carboxylic acid. Prodrugs may also include variants wherein an —NH group of the compound has undergone acylation, such as the 5-position of the pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine ring or the nitrogen of the sulfonamide group of compounds of the present invention (e.g. compounds of Formula I), where cleavage of the acyl group provides the free —NH group of the active drug. Some prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound may undergo further chemical reaction to yield the active compound. Prodrugs may proceed from prodrug form to active form in a single step or may have one or more intermediate forms which may themselves have activity or may be inactive.

As described in The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Ch. 31-32 (Ed. Wermuth, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 2001), prodrugs can be conceptually divided into two non-exclusive categories, bioprecursor prodrugs and carrier prodrugs. Generally, bioprecursor prodrugs are compounds that are inactive or have low activity compared to the corresponding active drug compound, that contain one or more protective groups and are converted to an active form by metabolism or solvolysis. Both the active drug form and any released metabolic products should have acceptably low toxicity. Typically, the formation of active drug compound involves a metabolic process or reaction that is one of the following types:

Oxidative reactions: Oxidative reactions are exemplified without limitation by reactions such as oxidation of alcohol, carbonyl, and acid functionalities, hydroxylation of aliphatic carbons, hydroxylation of alicyclic carbon atoms, oxidation of aromatic carbon atoms, oxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds, oxidation of nitrogen-containing functional groups, oxidation of silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, and sulfur, oxidative N-dealkylation, oxidative O- and S-dealkylation, oxidative deamination, as well as other oxidative reactions.

Reductive reactions: Reductive reactions are exemplified without limitation by reactions such as reduction of carbonyl functionalities, reduction of alcohol functionalities and carbon-carbon double bonds, reduction of nitrogen-containing functional groups, and other reduction reactions.

Reactions without change in the oxidation state: Reactions without change in the state of oxidation are exemplified without limitation to reactions such as hydrolysis of esters and ethers, hydrolytic cleavage of carbon-nitrogen single bonds, hydrolytic cleavage of non-aromatic heterocycles, hydration and dehydration at multiple bonds, new atomic linkages resulting from dehydration reactions, hydrolytic dehalogenation, removal of hydrogen halide molecule, and other such reactions.

Carrier prodrugs are drug compounds that contain a transport moiety, e.g., that improves uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action. Desirably for such a carrier prodrug, the linkage between the drug moiety and the transport moiety is a covalent bond, the prodrug is inactive or less active than the drug compound, the prodrug and any release transport moiety are acceptably non-toxic. For prodrugs where the transport moiety is intended to enhance uptake, typically the release of the transport moiety should be rapid. In other cases, it is desirable to utilize a moiety that provides slow release, e.g., certain polymers or other moieties, such as cyclodextrins. (See, e.g. Cheng et al., U.S. Patent Publ. No. 20040077595, application Ser. No. 10/656,838, incorporated herein by reference). Such carrier prodrugs are often advantageous for orally administered drugs. In some instances, the transport moiety provides targeted delivery of the drug, for example the drug may be conjugated to an antibody or antibody fragment. Carrier prodrugs can, for example, be used to improve one or more of the following properties: increased lipophilicity, increased duration of pharmacological effects, increased site-specificity, decreased toxicity and adverse reactions, and/or improvement in drug formulation (e.g., stability, water solubility, suppression of an undesirable organoleptic or physiochemical property). For example, lipophilicity can be increased by esterification of hydroxyl groups with lipophilic carboxylic acids, or of carboxylic acid groups with alcohols, e.g., aliphatic alcohols. Wermuth, supra.

Metabolites, e.g., active metabolites, overlap with prodrugs as described above, e.g., bioprecursor prodrugs. Thus, such metabolites are pharmacologically active compounds or compounds that further metabolize to pharmacologically active compounds that are derivatives resulting from metabolic processes in the body of a subject. Of these, active metabolites are such pharmacologically active derivative compounds. For prodrugs, the prodrug compound is generally inactive or of lower activity than the metabolic product. For active metabolites, the parent compound may be either an active compound or may be an inactive prodrug. For example, in some compounds, one or more alkoxy groups can be metabolized to hydroxyl groups while retaining pharmacologic activity and/or carboxyl groups can be esterified, e.g., glucuronidation. In some cases, there can be more than one metabolite, where an intermediate metabolite(s) is further metabolized to provide an active metabolite. For example, in some cases a derivative compound resulting from metabolic glucuronidation may be inactive or of low activity, and can be further metabolized to provide an active metabolite.

Metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art, and their activities determined using tests such as those described herein. See, e.g., Bertolini et al., 1997, J. Med. Chem., 40:2011-2016; Shan et al., 1997, J Pharm Sci 86 (7):756-757; Bagshawe, 1995, Drug Dev. Res., 34:220-230; Wermuth, supra.

(b) Tautomers, Stereoisomers, and Regioisomers

It is understood that some compounds may exhibit tautomerism. In such cases, the formulae provided herein expressly depict only one of the possible tautomeric forms. It is therefore to be understood that the formulae provided herein are intended to represent any tautomeric form of the depicted compounds and are not to be limited merely to the specific tautomeric form depicted by the drawings of the formulae.

Likewise, some of the compounds according to the present invention may exist as stereoisomers, i.e. having the same atomic connectivity of covalently bonded atoms yet differing in the spatial orientation of the atoms. For example, compounds may be optical stereoisomers, which contain one or more chiral centers, and therefore, may exist in two or more stereoisomeric forms (e.g. enantiomers or diastereomers). Thus, such compounds may be present as single stereoisomers (i.e., essentially free of other stereoisomers), racemates, and/or mixtures of enantiomers and or diastereomers. As another example, stereoisomers include geometric isomers, such as cis- or trans-orientation of substituents on adjacent carbons of a double bond. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. Unless specified to the contrary, all such stereoisomeric forms are included within the formulae provided herein.

In some embodiments, a chiral compound of the present invention is in a form that contains at least 80% of a single isomer (60% enantiomeric excess (“e.e.”) or diastereomeric excess (“d.e.”)), or at least 85% (70% e.e, or d.e.), 90% (80% e.e. or d.e.), 95% (90% e.e, or d.e.), 97.5% (95% e.e, or d.e.), or 99% (98% e.e. or d.e.). As generally understood by those skilled in the art, an optically pure compound having one chiral center is one that consists essentially of one of the two possible enantiomers (i.e., is enantiomerically pure), and an optically pure compound having more than one chiral center is one that is both diastereomerically pure and enantiomerically pure. In some embodiments, the compound is present in optically pure form, such optically pure form being prepared and/or isolated by methods known in the art (e.g. by recrystallization techniques, chiral synthetic techniques (including synthesis from optically pure starting materials), and chromatographic separation using a chiral column.

(c) Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

Unless specified to the contrary, specification of a compound herein includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compound. Thus, compounds of Formula I can be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or can be formulated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include, without limitation, mono, bis, tris, tetrakis, and so on. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of a compound without preventing it from exerting its physiological effect. Useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the drug. A compound of the invention may possess a sufficiently acidic, a sufficiently basic, or both functional groups, and accordingly can react with any of a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as those containing chloride, bromide, iodide, hydrochloride, acetate, phenylacetate, acrylate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, 2-phenoxybenzoate, 2-acetoxybenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, methylbenzoate, bicarbonate, butyne-1,4 dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, caproate, caprylate, chlorobenzoate, cinnamate, citrate, decanoate, formate, fumarate, glycolate, gluconate, glucarate, glucuronate, glucose-6-phosphate, glutamate, heptanoate, hexanoate, isethionate, isobutyrate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, phenylbutyrate, lactate, malate, maleate, hydroxymaleate, methylmaleate, malonate, mandelate, nicotinate, nitrate, isonicotinate, octanoate, oleate, oxalate, pamoate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, orthophosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, phthalate, propionate, phenylpropionate, propiolate, pyruvate, quinate, salicylate, 4-aminosalicylate, sebacate, stearate, suberate, succinate, sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, sulfamate, sulfonate, benzenesulfonate (i.e. besylate), ethanesulfonate (i.e. esylate), ethane-1,2-disulfonate, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate (i.e. isethionate), methanesulfonate (i.e. mesylate), naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate (i.e. napsylate), propanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate (i.e. tosylate), xylenesulfonates, cyclohexylsulfamate, tartrate, and trifluoroacetate. These pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be prepared using the appropriate corresponding acid.

When acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic acid or phenol are present, pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include basic addition salts such as those containing benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, t-butylamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylene-diamine, meglumine, hydroxyethylpyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, zinc, ammonium, and mono-, di-, or tri-alkylamines (e.g. diethylamine), or salts derived from amino acids such as L-histidine, L-glycine, L-lysine, and L-arginine. For example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19^(th) ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., Vol. 2, p. 1457, 1995. These pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared using the appropriate corresponding base.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by standard techniques. For example, the free-base form of a compound can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as an aqueous or aqueous-alcohol solution containing the appropriate acid and then isolated by evaporating the solution. In another example, a salt can be prepared by reacting the free base and acid in an organic solvent. If the particular compound is an acid, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an appropriate inorganic or organic base.

(d) Other Compound Forms

In the case of agents that are solids, it is understood by those skilled in the art that the compounds and salts may exist in different crystal or polymorphic forms, or may be formulated as co-crystals, or may be in an amorphous form, or may be any combination thereof (e.g. partially crystalline, partially amorphous, or mixtures of polymorphs) all of which are intended to be within the scope of the present invention and specified formulae. Whereas salts are formed by acid/base addition, i.e. a free base or free acid of the compound of interest forms an acid/base reaction with a corresponding addition base or addition acid, respectively, resulting in an ionic charge interaction, co-crystals are a new chemical species that is formed between neutral compounds, resulting in the compound and an additional molecular species in the same crystal structure.

In some instances, compounds of the invention are complexed with an acid or a base, including base addition salts such as ammonium, diethylamine, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, diethanolamine, t-butylamine, piperazine, meglumine; acid addition salts, such as acetate, acetylsalicylate, besylate, camsylate, citrate, formate, fumarate, glutarate, hydrochlorate, maleate, mesylate, nitrate, oxalate, phosphate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate and tosylate; and amino acids such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine or valine. In combining the compound of the invention with the acid or base, an amorphous complex is preferably formed rather than a crystalline material such as a typical salt or co-crystal. In some instances, the amorphous form of the complex is facilitated by additional processing, such as by spray-drying, mechanochemical methods such as roller compaction, or microwave irradiation of the parent compound mixed with the acid or base. Such amorphous complexes provide several advantages. For example, lowering of the melting temperature relative to the free base facilitates additional processing, such as hot melt extrusion, to further improve the biopharmaceutical properties of the compound. Also, the amorphous complex is readily friable, which provides improved compression for loading of the solid into capsule or tablet form.

Additionally, the formulae are intended to cover hydrated or solvated as well as unhydrated or unsolvated forms of the identified structures. For example, the indicated compounds include both hydrated and non-hydrated forms. Other examples of solvates include the structures in combination with a suitable solvent, such as isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, or ethanolamine.

Formulations and Administration

The methods and compounds will typically be used in therapy for human subjects. However, they may also be used to treat similar or identical indications in other animal subjects. Compounds of Formula I can be administered by different routes, including injection (i.e. parenteral, including intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular), oral, transdermal, transmucosal, rectal, or inhalant. Such dosage forms should allow the compound to reach target cells. Other factors are well known in the art, and include considerations such as toxicity and dosage forms that retard the compound or composition from exerting its effects. Techniques and formulations generally may be found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) edition. Lippincott. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2005 (hereby incorporated by reference herein).

In some embodiments, compositions will comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, such as fillers, binders, disintegrants, glidants, lubricants, complexing agents, solubilizers, and surfactants, which may be chosen to facilitate administration of the compound by a particular route. Examples of carriers include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars such as lactose, glucose, or sucrose, types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, and the like. Carriers also include physiologically compatible liquids as solvents or for suspensions, including, for example, sterile solutions of water for injection (WFI), saline solution, dextrose solution, Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, vegetable oils, mineral oils, animal oils, polyethylene glycols, liquid paraffin, and the like. Excipients may also include, for example, colloidal silicon dioxide, silica gel, talc, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate, magnesium trisilicate, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium benzoate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, stearic acid, aluminum stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, syloid, stearowet C, magnesium oxide, starch, sodium starch glycolate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl dibehenate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cotton seed oil, castor seed oil mineral oil, polyethylene glycol (e.g. PEG 4000-8000), polyoxyethylene glycol, poloxamers, povidone, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, alginic acid, casein, methacrylic acid divinylbenzene copolymer, sodium docusate, cyclodextrins (e.g. 2-hydroxypropyl-.delta.-cyclodextrin), polysorbates (e.g. polysorbate 80), cetrimide, TPGS (d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate), magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol ethers, di-fatty acid ester of polyethylene glycols, or a polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid ester (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester Tween®), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid ester, e.g. a sorbitan fatty acid ester from a fatty acid such as oleic, stearic or palmitic acid, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, maltose, lactose, lactose monohydrate or lactose spray dried, sucrose, fructose, calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, dextrates, dextran, dextrin, dextrose, cellulose acetate, maltodextrin, simethicone, polydextrosem, chitosan, gelatin, HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl celluloses), HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hypromellose, and the like.

In some embodiments, oral administration may be used. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be formulated into conventional oral dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, and liquid preparations such as syrups, elixirs, and concentrated drops. Compounds of Formula I may be combined with solid excipients, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain, for example, tablets, coated tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, solutions (e.g. aqueous, alcoholic, or oily solutions) and the like. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations, for example, corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP: povidone); oily excipients, including vegetable and animal oils, such as sunflower oil, olive oil, or codliver oil. The oral dosage formulations may also contain disintegrating agents, such as the cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid, or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate; a lubricant, such as talc or magnesium stearate; a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol; a sweetening such as sucrose, fructose, lactose, or aspartame; a natural or artificial flavoring agent, such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring; or dye-stuffs or pigments, which may be used for identification or characterization of different doses or combinations. Also provided are dragee cores with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain, for example, gum arabic, talc, poly-vinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.

Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin (“gelcaps”), as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin, and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.

In some embodiments, injection (parenteral administration) may be used, e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and or subcutaneous. Compounds of Formula I for injection may be formulated in sterile liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers or solutions, such as saline solution, Hank's solution, or Ringer's solution. Dispersions may also be prepared in non-aqueous solutions, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, ethanol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and vegetable oils. Solutions may also contain a preservative, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In addition, the compounds may be formulated in solid form, including, for example, lyophilized forms, and redissolved or suspended prior to use.

In some embodiments, transmucosal, topical or transdermal administration may be used. In such formulations of compounds of Formula I, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives. In addition, detergents may be used to facilitate permeation. Transmucosal administration, for example, may be through nasal sprays or suppositories (rectal or vaginal). Compositions of compounds of Formula I for topical administration may be formulated as oils, creams, lotions, ointments, and the like by choice of appropriate carriers known in the art. Suitable carriers include vegetable or mineral oils, white petrolatum (white soft paraffin), branched chain fats or oils, animal fats and high molecular weight alcohol (greater than C₁₂). In some embodiments, carriers are selected such that the active ingredient is soluble. Emulsifiers, stabilizers, humectants and antioxidants may also be included as well as agents imparting color or fragrance, if desired. Creams for topical application are preferably formulated from a mixture of mineral oil, self-emulsifying beeswax and water in which mixture the active ingredient, dissolved in a small amount of solvent (e.g., an oil), is admixed. Additionally, administration by transdermal means may comprise a transdermal patch or dressing such as a bandage impregnated with an active ingredient and optionally one or more carriers or diluents known in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.

In some embodiments, compounds are administered as inhalants. Compounds of Formula I may be formulated as dry powder or a suitable solution, suspension, or aerosol. Powders and solutions may be formulated with suitable additives known in the art. For example, powders may include a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch, and solutions may comprise propylene glycol, sterile water, ethanol, sodium chloride and other additives, such as acid, alkali and buffer salts. Such solutions or suspensions may be administered by inhaling via spray, pump, atomizer, or nebulizer, and the like. The compounds of Formula I may also be used in combination with other inhaled therapies, for example corticosteroids such as fluticasone proprionate, beclomethasone dipropionate, triamcinolone acetonide, budesonide, and mometasone furoate; beta agonists such as albuterol, salmeterol, and formoterol; anticholinergic agents such as ipratroprium bromide or tiotropium; vasodilators such as treprostinal and iloprost; enzymes such as DNAase; therapeutic proteins; immunoglobulin antibodies; an oligonucleotide, such as single or double stranded DNA or RNA, siRNA; antibiotics such as tobramycin; muscarinic receptor antagonists; leukotriene antagonists; cytokine antagonists; protease inhibitors; cromolyn sodium; nedocril sodium; and sodium cromoglycate.

The amounts of various compounds to be administered can be determined by standard procedures taking into account factors such as the compound activity (in vitro, e.g. the compound IC₅₀ vs. target, or in vivo activity in animal efficacy models), pharmacokinetic results in animal models (e.g. biological half-life or bioavailability), the age, size, and weight of the subject, and the disorder associated with the subject. The importance of these and other factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, a dose will be in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, also about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of the subject being treated. Multiple doses may be used.

The compounds of formula I may also be used in combination with other therapies for treating the same disease. Such combination use includes administration of the compounds and one or more other therapeutics at different times, or co-administration of the compound and one or more other therapies. In some embodiments, dosage may be modified for one or more of the compounds of the invention or other therapeutics used in combination, e.g., reduction in the amount dosed relative to a compound or therapy used alone, by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

It is understood that use in combination includes use with other therapies, drugs, medical procedures etc., where the other therapy or procedure may be administered at different times (e.g. within a short time, such as within hours (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4-24 hours), or within a longer time (e.g. 1-2 days, 2-4 days, 4-7 days, 1-4 weeks)) than a compound of Formula I, or at the same time as a compound of Formula I. Use in combination also includes use with a therapy or medical procedure that is administered once or infrequently, such as surgery, along with a compound of Formula I administered within a short time or longer time before or after the other therapy or procedure. In some embodiments, the present invention provides for delivery of a compound of Formula I and one or more other drug therapeutics delivered by a different route of administration or by the same route of administration. The use in combination for any route of administration includes delivery of a compound of Formula I and one or more other drug therapeutics delivered by the same route of administration together in any formulation, including formulations where the two compounds are chemically linked in such a way that they maintain their therapeutic activity when administered. In one aspect, the other drug therapy may be co-administered with a compound of Formula I. Use in combination by co-administration includes administration of co-formulations or formulations of chemically joined compounds, or administration of two or more compounds in separate formulations within a short time of each other (e.g. within an hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, up to 24 hours), administered by the same or different routes. Co-administration of separate formulations includes co-administration by delivery via one device, for example the same inhalant device, the same syringe, etc., or administration from separate devices within a short time of each other. Co-formulations of a compound of Formula I and one or more additional drug therapies delivered by the same route includes preparation of the materials together such that they can be administered by one device, including the separate compounds combined in one formulation, or compounds that are modified such that they are chemically joined, yet still maintain their biological activity. Such chemically joined compounds may have a linkage that is substantially maintained in vivo, or the linkage may break down in vivo, separating the two active components.

EXAMPLES

Examples related to the present invention are described below. In most cases, alternative techniques can be used. The examples are intended to be illustrative and are not limiting or restrictive to the scope of the invention. In some examples, the mass spectrometry result indicated for a compound may have more than one value due to the isotope distribution of an atom in the molecule, such as a compound having a bromo or chloro substituent.

Unless specifically indicated otherwise, the Formula enumeration and R group enumeration used in the following examples is not related to such enumeration in other sections of this application. The reagents and solvents used in these examples can be readily substituted with appropriate alternatives as are known in the art and isolation of products is readily achieved by methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, extraction, crystallization, and chromatographic methods.

Ring numbering for the 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine in the following Examples is as follows:

Example 1 Preparation of 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine intermediates

5H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine compounds known in the art may be used in the preparation of starting materials for use in the synthesis of compounds described herein. For example, 2-halo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine can be used to provide starting materials with suitable substitutions at the 2-position of the 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine, e.g. according to the following Schemes I-IX.

2-methoxy-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (2) is prepared by reacting 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) with sodium hydroxide in methanol as described by Girgis, N. et. al., J. Heterocyclic. Chem., 1989, 26:317-325.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula II

Compounds of Formula II, where P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared by reacting 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable protecting group (P—X, e.g. triisopropylsilylchloride) and a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) typically at room temperature for 8-12 hours. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction).

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula III

Compounds of Formula III are prepared by reacting compounds of Formula II with ammonium hydroxide in a suitable solvent or with ammonia in methanol. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction). Alternatively, 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) can be reacted directly by this method to provide the corresponding compounds without the protecting group.

Compounds of Formula IV, where R is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, and P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared from a compound of Formula III by reaction with an activated carboxylic acid of the formula R—C(O)X where X is a leaving group such as chloro (e.g. benzoyl chloride) in the presence of a base (e.g. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA)) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dichloromethane). After stirring for several hours, isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula IV.

Compounds of Formula V, where R is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, and P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared from a compound of Formula III by reaction with an isocyanate of the formula R—NCO (e.g. propylisocyanate) in the presence of a base (e.g. DIEA) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dichloromethane). After stirring for several hours, isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of compounds of Formula V.

Compounds of Formula VI, where R is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, and P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared from a compound of Formula III by reaction with an isothiocyanate of the formula R—NCS (e.g. propylisothiocyanate) in the presence of a base (e.g. DIEA) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dichloromethane). After stirring for several hours, isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula VI.

Compounds of Formula VII, where R is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, and P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared from a compound of Formula III by reaction with a sulfonyl chloride of the formula R—S(O)₂Cl (e.g. propylsulfonyl chloride) in the presence of a base (e.g. DIEA, pyridine) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dichloromethane). After stirring for several hours, isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula VII.

Compounds of Formula VIII, where R is optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, and P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula II with an alcohol of Formula R—OH in the presence of a base (e.g sodium hydride) and a copper catalyst (e.g. copper bromide) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dimethyl formamide) with heating (e.g. 120° C.) for several hours. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography), provides compounds of Formula VIII. Alternatively, 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) can be reacted by this method to provide the corresponding compounds without the protecting group.

Compounds of Formula IX where R′ is optionally substituted lower alkyl and P is a suitable protecting group are prepared by dissolving a compound of Formula II in an appropriate solvent (e.g. toluene) followed by the addition of a palladium catalyst (e.g. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (1:1)). After several minutes, a Grignard reagent of the Formula R′—MgBr is added and the reaction heated (e.g. 90° C.) for one to several hours. After filtration through Celite, isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula IX.

Compounds of Formula X where R″ is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl and P is a suitable protecting group are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula II with a boronic acid of the Formula R″—B(OH)₂ or boronic ester of the Formula R″—B(OR)₂ under Suzuki coupling conditions (Muyaura and Suzuki, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95:2457), such as in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)) and a base (e.g. aqueous potassium carbonate) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile) with heating thermally (e.g. 80° C.) for one to several hours or heating with a microwave instrument (e.g. 120° C., for 10 minutes). Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula X. Alternatively, 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) can be reacted by this method to provide the corresponding compounds without the protecting group.

5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine compounds can be further derivatized at the 7-position, which are used in the synthesis of compounds described herein. The compounds described in Schemes I-IX, or similar compounds known in the art, may be used with or without the protecting group P, which can be readily removed by methods well known in the art. The following Scheme X provides an exemplary method for preparation of useful 7-carbaldehyde derivatives.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XII

Compounds of Formula XII are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XI (R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) with hexamethyltetramine and acetic acid in water with heating to reflux for two hours. After cooling, the desired compound precipitates and may be collected by filtration.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XIII

Compounds of Formula XIII, where P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XII with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable protecting group (P—X, e.g. triisopropylsilylchloride) and a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) typically at room temperature for 8-12 hours. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction).

Example 2 Preparation of 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine compounds

5H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine compounds known in the art, or prepared as described in Schemes I-X, may be used to prepare compounds described herein as described in the following Schemes XI-XXII.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVI

Compounds of Formula XVI are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XIV (Ar, L₂, and R¹ are as defined wtih respect to Formula I, P is a suitable protecting group) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) under an inert atmosphere, with an appropriate organolithium reagent (e.g. butyllithium) or magnesium and stirring the reaction for several hours at −78° C. A compound of Formula XV (R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) is then added to the reaction mixture. The reaction is typically allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction). Compounds of Formula XIV are known in the art, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to organic synthesis of compounds.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIa

Compounds of Formula XVIIa are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XVI with an appropriate reagent to remove the protecting group. P, (e.g. tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran). The desired compound is isolated by standard procedures (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography).

Step 3a—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIIa

To a compound of Formula XVIIa in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) is added an oxidizing agent (e.g. Dess-Martin periodane, TEMPO, DDQ). Typically, the reaction is allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 minutes. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel column chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XVIIIa.

Step 3b—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIIb

To a compound of Formula XVIIa in an appropriate solvent (e.g. acetonitrile) is added a reducing agent (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid and triethylsilane). Typically, the reaction is allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel column chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XVIIIb.

Compounds of Formula XVI that can be carried through Steps 2 and 3 of Scheme XI may also be prepared following the protocol of the following Scheme XIa.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XIX

Compounds of Formula XIX are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XI (R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) with iodine monochloride in a suitable solvent (e.g. dichloromethane, pyridine) at room temperature for 16-24 hours. The resulting compounds may be isolated by conventional means and reacted with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable protecting group (P—X, e.g. triisopropylsilylchloride) and a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) typically at room temperature for 8-12 hours. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel column chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XIX.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVI

Compounds of Formula XVI are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XIX with a compound of Formula XX (Ar, L₂, and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I). Compounds of Formula XIX are dissolved in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) under an inert atmosphere, and cooled to −20° C., and a solution of an appropriate Grignard reagent (e.g. isopropylmagnesium chloride) in tetrahydrofuran is added and the reaction is stirred, coming to 0° C. The reaction is cooled to −20° C. and a compound of Formula XX in tetrahydrofuran is added to the reaction mixture. The reaction is stirred, coming to 0° C. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound of Formula XVI. Compounds of Formula XX are known in the art, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to organic synthesis of compounds.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIa and XVIIb

To a compound of Formula XI (R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) and a compound of Formula XX (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) is added an appropriate solvent (e.g. methanol) followed by an appropriate base (e.g. potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide). The reaction is typically allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction, washing and filtering) provides a mixture of compounds of Formula XVIIa and XVIIb which may be separated by silica gel chromatography if desired.

Step 2a —Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIIa

To a compound of Formula XVIIa in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) is added an oxidizing agent (e.g. Dess-Martin periodane. TEMPO, DDQ). Typically, the reaction is allowed to stir at room temperature for 20 minutes. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel column chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XVIIIa.

Step 2b—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XVIIIb

To a compound of Formula XVIIa and/or XVIIb in an appropriate solvent (e.g. acetonitrile) is added a reducing agent (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid and triethylsilane). Typically, the reaction is allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel column chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XVIIIb.

Compounds of Formula XVIIIa are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XI (R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) with a compound of Formula XXI (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g. aluminum trichloride) in an inert solvent (e.g. dichloromethane) under an inert atmosphere (e.g. argon) at room temperature or with heating up to reflux for 1-18 hours. The desired compound is isolated, for example, by extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Compounds of Formula XXI are known in the art, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to organic synthesis of compounds.

Step 1—Preparation of 7-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (4)

7-Bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (4) is prepared by dissolving 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3) in chloroform and slowly adding Br₂ in carbon tetrachloride at 0° C. After stirring for 1-2 hours, the reaction may be quenched in aqueous hydrochloric acid. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound 4.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXII

Compounds of Formula XXII, where P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared by reacting 7-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (4) with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable protecting group (P—X, e.g. triisopropylsilylchloride) and a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) typically at room temperature for 8-12 hours. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction).

Step 3—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXIV

Compounds of Formula XXIV are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXII with compound of Formula XXIII (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) in the presence of a base (e.g sodium hydride) and a copper catalyst (e.g. copper bromide) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. dimethylformamide) with heating (e.g. 120° C.) for several hours. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XXIV.

Step 4—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXV

Compounds of Formula XXV are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXIV with an appropriate reagent to remove the protecting group, P, (e.g. tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran). The desired compound is isolated by standard procedures (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography).

Step 1—Preparation of 7-nitro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (5)

7-Nitro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (5) is prepared by adding 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3) to fuming nitric acid while cooling (e.g. 0° C.). After stirring for one to several hours, water is carefully added and the mixture neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate. The solids are collected by filtration and dried to provide 7-nitro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 5.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXVI

Compounds of Formula XXVI, where P is a suitable protecting group, are prepared by reacting 7-nitro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (5) with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable protecting group (P—X, e.g. triisopropylsilylchloride) and a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in a solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) typically at room temperature for 8-12 hours. The desired compound is isolated by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography).

Step 3—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXVII

Compounds of Formula XXVII are prepared from compounds of Formula XXVI by reduction of the nitro group (e.g. hydrogen gas and palladium on carbon in methanol). The mixture is filtered and concentrated to provide compounds of Formula XXVII.

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXIX

Compounds of Formula XXIX are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXII (P is a suitable protecting group) with neat compound of Formula XXVIII (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I, R′″ is e.g. hydrogen, lower alkyl) with heating for several hours (e.g. 150° C.). Alternatively, a compound of Formula XXII may be reacted with compound of Formula XXVIII using palladium catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig conditions (i.e. a palladium catalyst (e.g. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)), a ligand (e.g. tri-t-butylphosphine), and a base (e.g. sodium t-butoxide) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. toluene) with heating (e.g. 80° C.) for several hours). Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound of Formula XXIX.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXX

Compounds of Formula XXX are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXIX with an appropriate reagent to remove the protecting group, P, (e.g. tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran). The desired compound is isolated by standard procedures (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography).

Step 1—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXXI

Compounds of Formula XXXI are prepared by reacting compounds of Formula XXVII (P is a suitable protecting group) with compounds of Formula XIV (Ar, L₁ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) with heating for several hours (e.g. 100° C.). Alternatively, compounds of Formula XXVII are reacted with compounds of Formula XIV using palladium catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig conditions (i.e. a palladium catalyst (e.g. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)), a ligand (e.g. tri-t-butylphosphine), and a base (e.g. sodium t-butoxide) in a non-reactive solvent (e.g. toluene) with heating (e.g. 80° C.) for several hours). Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XXXI.

Step 2—Preparation of Compounds of Formula XXXII

Compounds of Formula XXXII are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXXI with an appropriate reagent to remove the protecting group, P, (e.g. tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran). The desired compound is isolated by standard procedures (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography).

Compounds of Formula XXXIV are prepared by dissolving 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. dimethylformamide) with a base (e.g. sodium hydride), followed by the addition of a symmetrical aryl disulfide of Formula XXXIII (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I). After stirring at room temperature for several hours, the reaction is quenched with water, followed by isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) to provide compounds of Formula XXXIV.

Compounds of Formula XXXIV are prepared by reacting 7-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (4) with compounds of Formula XXXV (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) in the presence of a base (e.g. sodium hydride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. dimethylformamide) with heating for several hours (e.g. 100° C.). Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compounds of Formula XXXIV.

Compounds of Formula XXXVIa or XXXVIb (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XXXIV with an oxidizing agent (e.g. meta-chloro-peroxybenzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide) in an appropriate aprotic solvent (e.g. dichloromethane). Compounds of Formula XXXVIa are prepared using 1 equivalent of oxidizing agent, while compounds of Formula XXXVIb are prepared using 2 equivalents of oxidizing agent. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound of Formula XXXVIa or XXXVIb.

Compounds of Formula XXXVIb (Ar, L₂ and R¹ are as defined with respect to Formula I) are prepared by reacting 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3) with a sulfonyl chloride of Formula XXXVII dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. indium trichloride) and trifluorosulfonic acid with heating (e.g. 70° C.) for a few hours. Neutralization with sodium hydroxide and isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound of Formula XXXVIb (Garzya et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45:1499-1501).

Compounds of Formula XXXVIII (Ar, L₂, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined with respect to Formula I) are prepared by reacting a compound of Formula XVIIIa with Lawesson's reagent, (1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,3-disulfide), in an appropriate solvent (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) with heating for several hours. Isolation by conventional means (e.g. extraction and silica gel chromatography) provides compound of Formula XXXVIII.

Additional methods are known in the art, including methods as described in US Patent Publication Number US20070032519, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), and U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,262, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to organic synthesis of compounds.

Example 3 Synthesis of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 7

2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 7 was prepared in one step from 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 1 as shown in Scheme 1.

Step 1—Preparation of 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (7)

In a microwave tube containing 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (1, 0.165 g, 0.833 mmol), 4-chlorophenylboronic acid (6, 0.118 g, 0.757 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (0.028 g, 0.038 mmol), 1.5 mL of acetonitrile and 1.5 mL of 1.00 M potassium carbonate in water were added. The resulting mixture was heated at 120° C. in the microwave for 10 minutes. The reaction was poured into 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 1% methanol in dichloromethane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give the desired compound (7, 107 mg). MS (ESI) [M+H⁺]⁺=229.8.

Example 4 Synthesis of propane-1-sulfonic acid [2,4-difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide P-0001

Propane-1-sulfonic acid [2,4-difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]-pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide P-0001 was prepared in two steps from 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 3 as shown in Scheme 2.

Step 1—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid 2,4-difluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl-amide (9)

To 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3, 0.150 g, 1.26 mmol) and propane-1-sulfonic acid (2,4-difluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-amide (8, 0.388 g, 1.47 mmol), 2.2 mL of methanol was added. This suspension was allowed to stir for 10 minutes, followed by the addition of potassium hydroxide (0.230 g, 4.10 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 7 hours, then poured into 5 mL of water and 5 mL of saturated ammonium chloride and extracted with 5 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and concentrated under vacuum, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 10 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give the desired compound (9, 243 mg). MS (ESI)[(M-18)+H⁺]⁺=365.1.

Step 2—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid [2,4-difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide (P-0001)

To propane-1-sulfonic acid 2,4-difluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl-amide (9, 0.243 g, 0.635 mmol), 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added, followed by Dess-Martin periodinane (0.270 g, 0.635 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 15 minutes, then extracted with ethyl acetate and 5:1 saturated sodium bicarbonate:saturated sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 1 to 5% methanol in dichloromethane. The resulting material was re-purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 10 to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give the desired compound (P-0001, 188 mg). MS (ESI)[M+H⁺]⁺=381.0.

Propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide P-0002, N-[2,4-difluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide P-0003, and propane-1-sulfonic acid {3-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-2,4-difluoro-phenyl}-amide P-0005,

were prepared following the protocol of Scheme 2, replacing 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 3 with 2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine, propane-1-sulfonic acid (2,4-difluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-amide 6 with N-(2,4-difluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide, or 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 3 with 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine 7, respectively, in Step 1. MS (ESI)[M+H⁺]⁺=458.8, 460.8 (P-0002), 483.2 (P-0003), and 491.0 (P-0005).

Example 5 Synthesis of propane-1-sulfonic acid {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide P-0004

Propane-1-sulfonic acid {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide P-0004 was prepared in one step from propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide P-0002 as shown in Scheme 3.

Step 1—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(2-methoxy-pyrimidin-5-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide (P-0004)

In a microwave tube, propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide (P-0002, 95.0 mg, 0.207 mmol) and 2-methoxypyrimidine-5-boronic acid (10, 38.0 mg, 0.247 mmol) were added, followed by 1.4 mL of acetonitrile and 0.70 mL of 1.00 M potassium carbonate in water. [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (7.6 mg, 0.010 mmol) was added to reaction mixture and the resulting mixture was heated at 160° C. in the microwave for a total of 10 minutes. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and water, followed by saturated sodium chloride. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of 10 to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The resulting material was further purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of 1 to 3% methanol in dichloromethane, and fractions containing the desired compound were extracted with 10 mL each of ethyl acetate and 1 M sodium hydroxide. The aqueous layer was treated with 0.8 ml, of 6 N hydrochloric acid, then extracted with 2×10 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a white solid (P-0004, 32 mg). MS (ESI) [M+H⁺]⁺=489.3.

Propane-1-sulfonic acid {2,4-difluoro-3-[2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl]-phenyl}-amide P-0007,

was prepared following the protocol of Scheme 3, replacing 2-methoxypyrimidine-5-boronic acid 10 with 1-methyl-4-1H-pyrazole-boronic acid pinacol ester. MS (ESI)[M+H⁺]⁺=461.0.

Example 6 Synthesis of propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide P-0006

Propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide P-0006 was prepared in one step from propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide P-0002 as shown in Scheme 4.

Step 1—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-cyano-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide (P-0006)

In a vial containing propane-1-sulfonic acid [3-(2-bromo-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-2,4-difluoro-phenyl]-amide (P-0002, 0.075 g, 0.16 mmol), N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.147 mL, 1.58 mmol) was added. The solution was degassed by bubbling with argon. Zinc powder (0.99 mg, 0.015 mmol), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (2.87 mg, 0.00518 mmol), zinc cyanide (11.2 mg, 0.0959 mmol), and Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (02.7 mg, 0.0026 mmol) were added at room temperature under argon. The mixture was heated at 120° C., for 1 hour and 50 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Then, 2 mL of water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a gradient from 1 to 3% methanol in dichloromethane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give the desired compound (P-0006, 27 mg). MS (ESI)[M+H⁺]⁺=406.0.

Example 7 Synthesis of propane-1-sulfonic acid [2-fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide P-0008

Propane-1-sulfonic acid [2-fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide P-0008 was prepared in nine steps from 4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenylamine 11 as shown in Scheme 5.

Step 1—Preparation of 3-Amino-6-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid benzyl ester (12)

To 4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenylamine (11, 6.30 mL, 57.0 mmol) in 300 mL of tetrahydrofuran, cooled with dry ice/acetone bath under an atmosphere of nitrogen, n-butyllithium (2.50 M in hexane, 24.4 mL) was added slowly. After 20 minutes, 1,2-bis-(chloro-dimethyl-silanyl)-ethane (12.9 g, 60.0 mmol) dissolved in 40.0 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added slowly to the reaction. After 1 hour, n-butyllithium (2.50 M in hexane, 25.0 mL) was added slowly to the reaction. The reaction was stirred at −78° C., for 20 minutes and then allowed to warm to room temperature over 60 minutes. The reaction was cooled to −78° C., followed by slowly adding n-butyllithium (2.50 M in hexane, 26.0 mL). After 80 minutes, benzyl chloroformate (10.0 mL, 70.0 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. overnight followed by addition of 80 mL of water and 25 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature for 2 hours. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was basified with potassium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The desired compound was isolated by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a colorless oil (12, 12.5 g, 78.3%). MS (ESI) [M+H⁺]⁺=280.0.

Step 2—Preparation of 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid benzyl ester (13)

To 3-amino-6-chloro-2-fluoro-benzoic acid benzyl ester (12, 1.20 g, 4.3 mmol) in 28 mL of dichloromethane, pyridine (0.52 mL, 6.4 mmol) and propanesulfonyl chloride (0.685 g, 4.8 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, then poured into water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The desired compound was isolated with silica gel column chromatography to provide the desired compound as a colorless oil (13, 960 mg, 58.0%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=384.1.

Step 3—Preparation of 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (14)

To 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid benzyl ester (13, 6.00 g, 15.6 mmol) in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran, 100 mL of 1.0 M aqueous potassium hydroxide was added. The reaction was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was poured into water, acidified to pH 2 with 1 N hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic portion was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a white solid (14, 3.95 g, 85.8%).

Step 4—Preparation of 2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (15)

To 6-chloro-2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (14, 0.69 g, 2.3 mmol) in 10 mL of methanol, 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (200 mg) was added. The reaction was stirred under hydrogen at 50 psi for 2 hours. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound 15 as a white solid that was used in the next step. MS(ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=260.1. Additional material was prepared similarly for use in the next step.

Step 5—Preparation of 2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid methyl ester (16)

To a 2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (15, 5.05 g, 19.3 mmol) in 100 mL of dichloromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide (0.075 mL, 0.97 mmol) was added under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction was cooled with ice water, followed by slow addition of oxalyl chloride (10.8 mL, 2.00 M in dichloromethane, 21.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.0 hours, then cooled with ice water, followed by slowly adding 36.0 mL of methanol. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum and purified with silica gel column chromatography eluting with 30% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a crude white solid (16, 4.0 g).

Step 6—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid (2-fluoro-3-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-amide (17)

To 2-fluoro-3-(propane-1-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acid methyl ester (16, 3.80 g, 13.8 mmol) in 133 mL of tetrahydrofuran, lithium tetrahydroaluminate (20.0 mL, 1.00 M in tetrahydrofuran, 20.0 mmol) was added under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours, followed by addition of 10 g of NaSO₄.10H₂O. After 12 hours, the reaction was filtered, the filtrate concentrated under vacuum and purified with silica gel column chromatography eluting with 5% methanol in dichloromethane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a white solid (17, 3.0 g, 87.9%).

Step 7—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid (2-fluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-amide (18)

To propane-1-sulfonic acid (2-fluoro-3-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-amide (17, 0.20 g, 0.81 mmol) in 5.0 mL of tetrahydrofuran, Dess-Martin periodinane (0.377 g, 0.89 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a white solid (18, 100 mg, 50.0%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁺=244.1.

Step 8—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid {2-fluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl}-amide (19)

To propane-1-sulfonic acid (2-fluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-amide (18, 50 mg, 0.42 mmol) in 0.8 mL of methanol, 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3, 103 mg, 0.42 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (71 mg, 1.3 mmol) were added under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 60% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a solid (19, 74 mg, 49%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=363.5.

Step 9—Preparation of propane-1-sulfonic acid [2-fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide (P-0008)

To propane-1-sulfonic acid {2-fluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl}-amide (19, 74 mg, 0.20 mmol) in 1 mL of tetrahydrofuran, Dess-Martin periodane (95 mg, 0.22 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (200 mg) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then poured into saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 70% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound (P-0008, 62 mg, 84%). MS (ESI) [M+H⁺]⁺=363.1.

Example 8 Synthesis of N-[2-Fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide P-0009

N-[2-Fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide P-0009 was synthesized in seven steps from 2-fluoro-3-nitro-benzoic acid 20 as shown in Scheme 6.

Step 1—Preparation of 3-amino-2-fluoro-benzoic acid (21)

To 2-fluoro-3-nitro-benzoic acid (20, 2.0 g, 11 mmol) in 45 mL of tetrahydrofuran, 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (150 mg) was added. The reaction was stirred under hydrogen for 2 hours. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound 21 as a white solid, which was used in the next step without further purification. MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=154.4.

Step 2—Preparation of 2-fluoro-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (23)

To 3-amino-2-fluoro-benzoic acid (21, 1.70 g, 11 mmol) in 34 mL of dichloromethane, pyridine (2.2 mL, 27 mmol) and 4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride (22, 6.7 g, 27 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, then poured into water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound 23 as a white solid, which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 3—Preparation of 2-fluoro-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-benzoic acid methyl ester (24)

To 2-fluoro-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-benzoic acid (23, 4.0 g, 11 mmol) in 40 mL of methanol, sulfuric acid (8.8 mL, 0.16 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was poured into 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified with silica gel column chromatography eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound (24, 3.35 g, 81%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=376.4.

Step 4—Preparation of N-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (25)

To 2-fluoro-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-benzoic acid methyl ester (24, 3.34 g, 8.85 mmol) in 71 mL of tetrahydrofuran, lithium tetrahydroaluminate (17.7 mL, 1.00 M in tetrahydrofuran, 17.7 mmol) was added under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours, followed by addition of 10 g of NaSO₄.10H₂O. After 12 hours, the reaction was filtered, the filtrate concentrated under vacuum and purified with silica gel column chromatography eluting with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound (25, 1.79 g, 58%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=348.4.

Step 5—Preparation of N-(2-fluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (26)

To N-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (25, 634 mg, 1.82 mmol) in 7 mL of tetrahydrofuran, Dess-Martin periodane (847 mg, 2.00 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (2 g) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then poured into saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 15% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound (26, 607 mg, 96%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=346.4.

Step 6—Preparation of N-{2-fluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl}-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (27)

To N-(2-fluoro-3-formyl-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (26, 162 mg, 0.47 mmol) in 1 mL of methanol, 5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine (3, 67 mg, 0.56 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (79 mg, 1.4 mmol) were added under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 70% ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound as a solid (27, 150 mg, 69%). MS (ESI) [M+H⁺]⁺=465.4.

Step 7—Preparation of N-[2-fluoro-3-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-7-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (P-0009)

To N-{2-fluoro-3-[hydroxy-(5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)-methyl]-phenyl}-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide (27, 141 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 mL of tetrahydrofuran, Dess-Martin periodane (141 mg, 0.33 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (200 mg) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then poured into saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The resulting material was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 50%) ethyl acetate in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired compound (P-0009, 105 mg, 75%). MS (ESI) [M−H⁺]⁻=463.4.

Example 9 Kinase Activity Assays

Assays for the activity of kinases, including, but not limited to, Fms, Kit, B-Raf, B-Raf V600E, B-Raf V600E/T529I and c-Raf-1 are known in the art, for example as described in US Patent Publication Number US20070032519 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347 (see also, PCT publication WO2007002433), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to such assays.

Compounds screened by at least one of the methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347, or by similar methods, having IC₅₀ of less than 10 μM are shown in tables 1a (A-Raf), 1b (B-Raf), 1c (B-Raf V600E), 1d (C-Raf), 1e (Kdr), 1f (Src), and 1g (TEC).

TABLE 1a Compounds with activity toward kinase A-Raf with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. A-Raf P-0001, P-0002, P-0003, P-0004, P-0009

TABLE 1b Compounds with activity toward kinase B-Raf with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. B-Raf P-0001, P-0002, P-0003, P-0004, P-0009

TABLE 1c Compounds with activity toward kinase B-Raf V600E with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. B-Raf V600E P-0001, P-0002, P-0003, P-0004, P-0009

TABLE 1d Compounds with activity toward kinase C-Raf with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. C-Raf P-0001, P-0002, P-0003, P-0004, P-0009

TABLE 1e Compounds with activity toward kinase Kdr with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. Kdr P-0007

TABLE 1f Compounds with activity toward kinase Src with IC₅₀ ≦ 10 μM. Src P-0006, P-0007

Example 10 Efficacy of Compounds in Combination with Standard-of-Care Chemotherapeutic Agents in Four Human Cancer Cell Lines

Compounds of the invention, such as compounds of Formula I, in combination with a standard chemotherapeutic agent, such as 5-fluorouracil, carboplatin, dacarbazine, gefitinib, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, SN-38, temozolomide, or vinblastine, can be assessed for their effectiveness in killing human tumor cells. Such assays are known in the art, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/473,347, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to such assays.

Example 11 Pharmaceutical Properties of Compounds

Compounds of the invention, such as compounds of Formula I, demonstrate improved solubility and or pharmacokinetics when compared to similarly substituted 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine compounds. Typically, 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine compounds with improved aqueous solubility may not have acceptable pharmacokinetics, assessed by measuring plasma levels in rats treated with the compounds. Improved solubility with improved exposure levels, as measured by area under the curve (AUC), is indicative of beneficial pharmaceutical properties of the compound, such as improved bioavailability.

As an indication of relative solubility, the turbidity of compounds in aqueous solutions was assessed. Each compound was diluted into four different physiologically relevant buffers and solution turbidity was measured by spectrophotometry. The concentration of compound that demonstrated turbidity by forming enough insoluble suspension to raise the average optical density above 0.01 at three wavelengths (490, 535, and 650 nm) was used to define the limit of the compound solubility in that buffer. To assess possible compound properties in different physiological compartments, such as stomach, intestine and blood, a series of aqueous buffers with varying pH was used.

Compounds were dissolved at a concentration of 25 mM in dimethyl sulfoxide, then serially diluted 1:1 into a 96 well plate, diluting 10 times in pure dimethyl sulfoxide, with the final well of each row a dimethyl sulfoxide blank. In an assay plate, 99 μL of appropriate buffer was added to each well, and 1 μL of each sample dilution was added to the buffer, achieving a range of final total concentrations in aqueous solutions having different pH. The buffers used were Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF-pH 1.5) 0.5M NaCl, pH 1.5; Simulated Intestinal fluid (SIF-pH 4.5 and pH 6.8) 0.05M NaH₂PO₄, pH 4.5 and 6.8; and Hepes Buffer (HEPES-pH 7.4) 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. Control compounds pyrene, estriol and propranolol HCl were also assessed. Plates were spun and then mixed for 1 minute, and the absorbance was read using a Tecan Safire II to read wavelengths in the visible range (490, 535, and 650 nm) at four locations per well, reflecting the degree of turbidity present. The average optical density for each wavelength in each well was graphed vs. compound concentration, and the concentration at which the curve crosses a threshold O.D. of 0.01 for each wavelength was reported as the endpoint turbidity assay result. The average of the three wavelengths is used to compare turbidity of compounds. Compounds are considered to have low solubility if the threshold concentration is <31.3 μM, moderate solubility if the threshold concentration is 31.3 μM to 250 μM, and high solubility if the threshold concentration is >250 μM.

Pharmacokinetic properties were assessed in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were dosed daily with compound either by IV injections via surgically implanted jugular catheters or by oral gavage (PO). Each compound was prepared as a 20 mg/mL stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide, which was further diluted to provide the dosing stock at the desired concentration for the IV or PO formulations. For IV dosing, the dosing stock was diluted into a 1:1:8 mixture of Solutol®:ethanol:water. For PO dosing, the dosing stock was diluted into 1% methylcellulose. In a cassette format, 5 compounds were diluted to 0.5 mg/mL each for IV dosing and 0.4 mg/mL each for PO dosing and dosed at 1 mg/kg (2 mL/kg) or 2 mg/kg (5 mL/kg), respectively. For IV dosed animals, tail vein blood samples were collected with lithium heparin anticoagulant at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes and 4, 8, and 24 hours post dosing each day. For PO dosed animals, tail vein blood samples were collected with lithium heparin anticoagulant at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours post dosing each day. Samples were processed to plasma and frozen for later analysis of each compound by LC/MS/MS. Plasma levels as a function of time were plotted to assess the AUG (hr*ng/mL).

All patents and other references cited in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, and are incorporated by reference in their entireties, including any tables and figures, to the same extent as if each reference had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually.

One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The methods, variances, and compositions described herein as presently representative of preferred embodiments are exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art, which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention, are defined by the scope of the claims.

The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. Thus, for an embodiment of the invention using one of the terms, the invention also includes another embodiment wherein one of these terms is replaced with another of these terms. In each embodiment, the terms have their established meaning. Thus, for example, one embodiment may encompass a method “comprising” a series of steps, another embodiment would encompass a method “consisting essentially of” the same steps, and a third embodiment would encompass a method “consisting of” the same steps. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups or other grouping of alternatives, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group or other group.

Also, unless indicated to the contrary, where various numerical values are provided for embodiments, additional embodiments are described by taking any 2 different values as the endpoints of a range. Such ranges are also within the scope of the described invention.

Thus, additional embodiments are within the scope of the invention and within the following claims. 

1. A compound having the chemical structure of Formula I,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein: Ar is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L₁ of Formula I and

indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L₂ of Formula I; L₁ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R⁵R⁶)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —N(R⁷)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—; L₂ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R⁸)—C(O)—, —N(R⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R⁸)—S(O)₂—, —N(R⁸)—C(O)—N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁸)—C(S)—N(R⁸)—, and —N(R⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R⁸)—; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —CN, —NO₂, —O—R⁹, —S—R¹¹, —N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(O)—R¹¹, —C(S)—R¹¹, —C(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(S)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —C(O)—N(R¹³)—OR⁹, —C(S)—N(R¹³)—OR⁹, —C(O)—N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹, —C(S)—N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹, —C(O)—O—R⁹, —S(O)—R¹¹, —S(O)₂—R¹¹, —S(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —S(O)₂—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —S(O)₂—N(R¹³)—C(O)R¹¹, —S(O)₂—N(R¹³)—C(S)R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(O)—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(S)—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—S(O)—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—R¹¹, —N(R¹³)—C(O)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, —N(R¹³)—C(S)—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰, and —N(R¹³)—S(O)₂—N(R⁹)—R¹⁰; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —CN, —NO₂, —O—R¹⁷, —S—R¹⁹, —N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(O)—R¹⁹, —C(S)—R¹⁹, —C(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(S)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —C(O)—N(R²⁰)—OR¹⁷, —C(S)—N(R²⁰)—OR¹⁷, —C(O)—N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —C(S)—N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —C(O)—O—R¹⁷, —S(O)—R¹⁹, —S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —S(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R²⁰)—C(O)R¹⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R²⁰)—C(S)R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(O)—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(S)—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—S(O)—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—R¹⁹, —N(R²⁰)—C(O)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, —N(R²⁰)—C(S)—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸, and —N(R²⁰)—S(O)₂—N(R¹⁷)—R¹⁸; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —CN, —NO₂, —O—R²¹, —S—R²³, —N(R²¹)—R²², —C(O)—R²³, —C(S)—R²³, —C(O)—N(R²¹)—R²², —C(S)—N(R²¹)—R²², —C(O)—N(R²⁴)—OR²¹, —C(S)—N(R²⁴)—OR²¹, —C(O)—N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³, —C(S)—N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³, —C(O)—O—R²¹, —S(O)—R²³, —S(O)₂—R²³, —S(O)—N(R²¹)—R²², —S(O)₂—N(R²¹)—R²², —S(O)₂—N(R²⁴)—C(O)R²³, —S(O)₂—N(R²⁴)—C(S)R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(O)—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(S)—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—S(O)—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—R²³, —N(R²⁴)—C(O)—N(R²¹)—R²², —N(R²⁴)—C(S)—N(R²¹)—R²², and —N(R²⁴)—S(O)₂—N(R²¹)—R²²; R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alklylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and —N(R²⁵)—R²⁶, wherein the alkyl chain(s) of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, or di-alkylamino are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; or R⁵ and R⁶ combine to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R⁷, R¹³, R²⁰, and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, —C(O)—R²⁷, —C(S)—R²⁷, —S(O)—R²⁷, —S(O)₂—R²⁷, —C(O)—N(H)—R²⁷, —C(S)—N(H)—R²⁷, and —S(O)₂—N(H)—R²⁷; R⁸ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and —N(R²⁵)—R²⁶; R¹², R¹⁴, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, —N(R²⁸)—R²⁹, —O—R²⁸, and —S—R³⁰; R¹¹, R¹⁹ and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R²¹, and R²² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R²⁵ and R²⁶ at each occurrence combine with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, and fluoro substituted lower alkylthio; R²⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R²⁸ and R²⁹ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl; and R³⁰ at each occurrence is optionally substituted lower alkyl; wherein: at each occurrence, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, respectively, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(o), —SR^(o), —OC(O)R^(o), —OC(S)R^(o), —C(O)R^(o), —C(S)R^(o), —C(O)OR^(o), —C(S)OR^(o), —S(O)R^(o), —S(O)₂R^(o), —C(O)NHR^(o), —C(S)NHR^(o), —C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), —C(S)NR^(o)R^(o), —S(O)₂NHR^(o), —S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), —C(NH)NHR^(o), —C(NH)NR^(p)R^(c), —NHC(O)R^(o), —NHC(S)R^(o), —NR^(o)C(O)R^(o), —NR^(o)C(S)R^(o), —NHS(O)₂R^(o), —NR^(o)S(O)₂R^(o), —NHC(O)NHR^(o), —NHC(S)NHR^(o), —NR^(o)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(o)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(o)C(O)NHR^(o), —NR^(o)C(S)NHR^(o), —NHC(O)NR^(o)R^(o), —NHC(S)NR^(o)R^(o), —NR^(o)C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), —NR^(o)C(S)NR^(o)R^(o), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(o)—NR^(o)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(o)S(O)₂NHR^(o), —NHS(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), —NR^(o)S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), —NHR^(o), —NR^(o)R^(o), —R^(e), —R^(f), and —R^(g); each R^(o), R^(P), and R^(c) are independently selected from the group consisting of R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g), or R^(P) and R^(c) combine with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein the 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —OR^(u), —SR^(u), —NHR^(u), —NR^(u)R^(u), —R^(x), and —R^(y); each R^(d) is independently lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(k), —SR^(k), —OC(O)R^(k), —OC(S)R^(k), —C(O)R^(k), —C(S)R^(k), —C(O)OR^(k), —C(S)OR^(k), —S(O)R^(k), —S(O)₂R^(k), —C(O)NHR^(k), —C(S)NHR^(k), —C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —S(O)₂NHR^(k)—S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —C(NH)NHR^(k), —C(NH)NR^(m)R^(n), —NHC(O)R^(k), —NHC(S)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), —NHC(O)NHR^(k), —NHC(S)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(O)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NHR^(k), —NHC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHC(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(k)S(O)₂NHR^(k), —NHS(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NHR^(k), —NR^(k)R^(k), —R^(i), and —R^(j); each R^(e) is independently lower alkenyl, wherein lower alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(k), —SR^(k), —OC(O)R^(k), —OC(S)R^(k), —C(O)R^(k), —C(S)R^(k), —C(O)OR^(k), —C(S)OR^(k), —S(O)R^(k), —S(O)₂R^(k), —C(O)NHR^(k), —C(S)NHR^(k), —C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —S(O)₂NHR^(k), —S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —C(NH)NHR^(k), —C(NH)NR^(m)R^(n), —NHC(O)R^(k), —NHC(S)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), —NHC(O)NHR^(k), —NHC(S)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(O)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NHR^(k), —NHC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHC(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(k)S(O)₂NHR^(k), —NHS(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NHR^(k), —NR^(k)R^(k), —R^(h), and —R^(j); each R^(f) is independently lower alkynyl, wherein lower alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(k), —SR^(k), —OC(O)R^(k), —OC(S)R^(k), —C(O)R^(k), —C(S)R^(k), —C(O)OR^(k), —C(S)OR^(k), —S(O)R^(k), —S(O)₂R^(k), —C(O)NHR^(k), —C(S)NHR^(k), —C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —S(O)₂NHR^(k), —S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —C(NH)NHR^(k), —C(NH)NR^(m)R^(n), —NHC(O)R^(k), —NHC(S)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), —NHC(O)NHR^(k), —NHC(S)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(O)NHR^(k), NR^(k)C(S)NHR^(k), —NHC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHC(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(k)S(O)₂NHR^(k), —NHS(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NHR^(k), —NR^(k)R^(k), —R^(h), and —R^(j); each R^(g) is independently selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(k), —SR^(k), —OC(O)R^(k), —OC(S)R^(k), —C(O)R^(k), —C(S)R^(k), —C(O)OR^(k), —C(S)OR^(k), —S(O)R^(k), —S(O)₂R^(k), —C(O)NHR^(k), —C(S)NHR^(k), —C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —S(O)₂NHR^(k), —S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —C(NH)NHR^(k), —C(NH)NR^(m)R^(n), —NHC(O)R^(k), —NHC(S)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), —NHC(O)NHR^(k), —NHC(S)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(k)C(O)NHR^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NHR^(k), —NHC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHC(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)C(S)NR^(k)R^(k), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(k)S(O)₂NHR^(k), —NHS(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), —NHR^(k), —NR^(k)R^(k), —R^(h), —R^(i), and —R^(j); R^(k), R^(m), and R^(n) at each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j), or R^(m) and R^(n) combine with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein the 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, OR^(u), —SR^(u), —NHR^(u), —R^(x), and —R^(y); each R^(h) is independently lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(r), —SR^(r), —OC(O)R^(r), —OC(S)R^(r), —C(O)R^(r), —C(S)R^(r), —C(O)OR^(r), —C(S)OR^(r), —S(O)R^(r), —S(O)₂R^(r), —C(O)NHR^(r), —C(S)NHR^(r), —C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —S(O)₂NHR^(r), —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —C(NH)NHR^(r), —C(NH)NR^(s)R^(t), —NHC(O)R^(r), —NHC(S)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), —NHC(O)NHR^(r), —NHC(S)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(O)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NHR^(r), —NHC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHC(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(r)S(O)₂NHR^(r), —NHS(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NHR^(r), —NR^(r)R^(r), —R^(i), and —R^(j); each R^(i) is independently selected from the group consisting of C₂-C₆ alkenyl and C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein C₂-C₆ alkenyl or C₂-C₆ alkynyl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(r), —SR^(r), —OC(O)R^(r), —OC(S)R^(r), —C(O)R^(r), —C(S)R^(r), —C(O)OR^(r), —C(S)OR^(r), —S(O)R^(r), —S(O)₂R^(r), —C(O)NHR^(r), —C(S)NHR^(r), —C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —S(O)₂NHR^(r), —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —C(NH)NHR^(r), —C(NH)NR^(s)R^(t), —NHC(O)R^(r), —NHC(S)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), —NHC(O)NHR^(r), —NHC(S)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(O)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NHR^(r), —NHC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHC(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(r)S(O)₂NHR^(r), —NHS(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NHR^(r), —NR^(r)R^(r), and —R^(j); each R^(j) is independently selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(S)OH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(S)NH₂, —S(O)₂NH₂, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHS(O)₂NH₂, —C(NH)NH₂, —OR^(r), —SR^(r), —OC(O)R^(r), —OC(S)R^(r), —C(O)R^(r), —C(S)R^(r), —C(O)OR^(r), —C(S)OR^(r), —S(O)R^(r), —S(O)₂R^(r), —C(O)NHR^(r), —C(S)NHR^(r), —C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —S(O)₂NHR^(r), —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —C(NH)NHR^(r), —C(NH)NR^(s)R^(t), —NHC(O)R^(r), —NHC(S)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), —NHC(O)NHR^(r), —NHC(S)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(O)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NHR^(r), —NHC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHC(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(r)S(O)₂NHR^(r), —NHS(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NHR^(r), —NR^(r)R^(r), cycloalkylamino, and —R^(x); R^(r), R^(s), and R^(t) at each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, provided, however, that any substitution of the lower alkyl carbon bound to any O, S, or N, of —OR^(r), —SR^(r), —C(O)OR^(r), —C(S)OR^(r), —C(O)NHR^(r), —C(S)NHR^(r), —C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —S(O)₂NHR^(r), —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —C(NH)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), —NHC(O)NHR^(r), —NHC(S)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(O)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NHR^(r), —NHC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHC(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(r)S(O)₂NHR^(r), —NHS(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NHR^(r), or —NR^(r)R^(r) is selected from the group consisting of fluoro and —R^(y); and wherein lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, provided, however, that any substitution of the lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl carbon bound to any O, S, or N, of —OR^(r), —SR^(r), —C(O)OR^(r), —C(S)OR^(r), —C(O)NHR^(r), —C(S)NHR^(r), —C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —S(O)₂NHR^(r), —S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —C(NH)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), —NHC(O)NHR^(r), —NHC(S)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NH₂; —NR^(r)C(S)NH₂, —NR^(r)C(O)NHR^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NHR^(r), —NHC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHC(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)C(S)NR^(r)R^(r), —NHS(O)₂NHR^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NH₂, —NR^(r)S(O)₂NHR^(r), —NHS(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), —NHR^(r), or —NR^(r)R^(r) is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and —R^(y); and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, or R^(s) and R^(t) combine with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or a 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein the 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl or 5 or 7 membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, OR^(u), —SR^(u), —NHR^(u), —NR^(u)R^(u), —R^(x), and —R^(y); each R^(u) is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, provided, however, that any substitution of the lower alkyl carbon bound to the O of —OR^(u), S of —SR^(u), or N of —NHR^(u) is fluoro or —R^(y); and wherein lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, provided, however, that any substitution of the lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl carbon bound to the O of —OR^(u), S of —SR^(u), or N of —NHR^(u) is fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, or —R^(y); and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; each R^(x) is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and wherein lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R^(y), fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and each R^(y) is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, respectively, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵; fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁵ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁵ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁹, —S—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—C(O)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—S(O)²—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁶ and R⁶⁸ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁹ at each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted lower alkoxy.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; and R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein: R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁷⁰ is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁷¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.
 5. The compound of claim 1, having the chemical structure of Formula Ia,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein: Ar₁ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

indicates the point of attachment of Ar₁ to L₃ of Formula Ia and

indicates the point of attachment of Ar₁ to L₄ of Formula Ia; L₃ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R³⁵R³⁶)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —N(R³⁷)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—; L₄ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—, —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—N(R³⁸)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—N(R³⁸)—, and —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R³⁸)—; R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R³² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R³⁹, —S—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R³⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —C(O)—O—R³⁹, —C(O)—R³⁹,) —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—R³⁹, fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³² or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴¹, —S—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴¹, —C(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—R⁴¹, —C(O)—O—R⁴¹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R³³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴³, —S—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴³, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —C(O)—O—R⁴³, —C(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—R⁴³, fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³³ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁸, —S—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂R⁴⁸, —C(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁹, —S—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁴⁹, —NR⁵⁰—S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³⁴ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵¹, —S—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—O—R⁵¹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; or R³⁵ and R³⁶ combine to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁹, R⁴³, and R⁴⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³⁹, R⁴³, or R⁴⁹ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵², —S—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—C(O)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—S(O)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—S(O)₂—R⁵², —C(O)—R⁵², —S(O)—R⁵², —S(O)₂—R⁵², —C(O)—O—R⁵², —C(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —S(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —S(O)₂—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁴⁰, R⁴⁷, R⁵⁰, and R⁵³, at each occurrence, are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R⁴¹, R⁴⁸, R⁵¹, and R⁵² are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted lower alkoxy; R⁴², R⁴⁴, R⁴⁵, R⁴⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, —N(R⁵⁴)—R⁵⁵, —O—R⁵⁴, and —S—R⁵⁶; R⁵⁴ and R⁵⁵ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl; and R⁵⁶ at each occurrence is optionally substituted lower alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein: R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴, wherein R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁵ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁵ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁹, —S—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—C(O)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁶ and R⁶⁸ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁹ at each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted lower alkoxy.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein: R³¹ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R^(γ), —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; and R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein: R³² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R³³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁴ is hydrogen; R⁷⁰ is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁷¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.
 9. The compound of claim 2, having the chemical structure of Formula Ib,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a tautomer or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L₅ is selected from the group consisting of —C(R³⁵R³⁶)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —N(R³⁷)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—; L₆ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)—, —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—, —N(R³⁸)—C(O)—N(R³⁸)—, —N(R³⁸)—C(S)—N(R³⁸)—, and —N(R³⁸)—S(O)₂—N(R³⁸)—; R⁵⁷ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R⁵⁸ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R³⁹, —S—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)—R³⁹, —N(R⁴⁰)—S(O)₂—R³⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —C(O)—O—R³⁹, —C(O)—R³⁹, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R³⁹, —S(O)—R³⁹, —S(O)₂—R³⁹, fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁵⁸ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴¹, —S—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—C(O)—R⁴¹, —N(R⁴⁰)—(O)—R⁴¹, —C(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—R⁴¹, —C(O)—O—R⁴¹, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, S(O)—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁰)—R⁴¹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁵⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴³, —S—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴³, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴³, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —C(O)—O—R⁴³, —C(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴³, —S(O)—R⁴³, —S(O)₂—R⁴³, fluoro, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁵⁹ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁸, —S—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—C(O)—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—R⁴⁸, —N(R⁴⁷)—S(O)—R⁴⁸, —NR⁴⁷)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁸, —C(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, —S(O)₂—N(R⁴⁷)—R⁴⁸, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁴⁹, —S—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁴⁹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁴⁹, —C(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)—R⁴⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁴⁹, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁰ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵¹, —S—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—C(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)—R⁵¹, —N(R⁵⁰)—S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—R⁵¹, —C(O)—O—R⁵¹, —C(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁵⁰)—R⁵¹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶¹ and R⁶² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and fluoro substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl; R³⁵ and R³⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; or R³⁵ and R³⁶ combine to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl, wherein the 3-7 membered monocyclic cycloalkyl or 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁹, R⁴³, and R⁴⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R³⁹, R⁴³, or R⁴⁹ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁵², —S—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—C(O)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—S(O)—R⁵², —N(R⁵³)—S(O)₂—R⁵², —C(O)—R⁵², —S(O)—R⁵², —S(O)₂—R⁵², —C(O)—O—R⁵², —C(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —S(O)—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², —S(O)₂—N(R⁵³)—R⁵², halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁴⁰, R⁴⁷, R⁵⁰, and R⁵³, at each occurrence, are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁴¹, R⁴⁸, R⁵¹, and R⁵² are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted lower alkoxy.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein: R⁵⁷ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴, wherein R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)—NH₂, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁷, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁵ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁵ or as substituents of lower alkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —C(O)—OH, —S(O)₂—NH₂, —C(O)—NH₂, —O—R⁶⁹, —S—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—C(O)—R⁶⁹, —N(R⁶⁸)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—O—R⁶⁹, —C(O)—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, —S(O)₂—N(R⁶⁸)—R⁶⁹, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁶ and R⁶⁸ at each occurrence are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, —OH, —NH₂, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, fluoro substituted mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, fluoro substituted di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁹ at each occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino, and wherein heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and fluoro substituted lower alkoxy.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein: R⁵⁷ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶³, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; R⁶³ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, fluoro, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents R⁶⁴; and R⁶⁴ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁵, —S—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)—R⁶⁵, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, —C(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)—R⁶⁵, —S(O)₂—R⁶⁵, halogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl as R⁶⁴, or as substituents of lower alkyl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —O—R⁶⁷, —S—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—C(O)—R⁶⁷, —N(R⁶⁶)—S(O)₂—R⁶⁷, —S(O)—R⁶⁷, —S(O)₂R⁶⁷, —C(O)—R⁶⁷, halogen, lower alkyl, fluoro substituted lower alkyl, and cycloalkylamino.
 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein: R⁵⁸ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R⁵⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CN, —O—R⁷⁰, —S—R⁷⁰, —N(R⁷¹)—R⁷⁰, fluoro, and lower alkyl, wherein lower alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; R⁶⁰ is hydrogen; R⁷⁰ is lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino; and R⁷¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, lower alkoxy, fluoro substituted lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, fluoro substituted lower alkylthio, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, and cycloalkylamino.
 13. A composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and a compound according to claim
 1. 14. A kit comprising a compound according to claim
 1. 15. A kit comprising a composition according to claim
 13. 